心理學碩士論文：主觀社會階層對跨期選擇的影響 摘要 　　人們比較不同時間點選項的利益，進而做出判斷決策的過程就是跨期選擇。 　　根據(jù)階層的社會認知理論，社會階層形成的環(huán)境特征產(chǎn)生了特定的思維和行為方式，本研究整合有關階層的最新研究視角，探討主觀社會階層對跨期選擇的影響，以及提出了兩個可能的調節(jié)變量：機會成本和威脅線索。分別考察它們在二者關系中的調節(jié)作用。豐富了與階層有關的研究領域和促進了對影響跨期選擇個體變量的理解。 　　研究 1A 初步探討主觀社會階層與跨期選擇之間的關系。采用問卷法，以 150名本科生為被試，主觀社會階層通過讓被試報告主觀上的社會地位，跨期選擇選用的是固定順序滴定任務，以延遲折扣率為指標。結果發(fā)現(xiàn)，主觀社會階層越高的大學生，其延遲折扣率越小，表明更加偏好延遲等待（LL），即能夠延遲滿足；而主觀社會階層越低的大學生，其延遲折扣率越大，表明更加偏好立即獎賞（SS）。 　　研究 1B 通過操縱主觀社會階層，探討主觀社會階層與跨期選擇之間的因果關系，跨期選擇任務是具體情境下的雙選項任務，評估 7 點量表代表跨期選擇偏好。結果發(fā)現(xiàn)，相對于主觀社會階層高的大學生，主觀社會階層低的大學生在跨期選擇任務中更偏好立即獎賞（SS），而主觀社會階層高的大學生在跨期選擇任務中更偏好延遲等待（LL）。 　　研究二通過引入機會成本變量，采用 2（階層啟動：高/低）2（機會成本提示：有/無）的被試間實驗設計，以 147 名在校本科生為被試，隨機分配到四種條件下，因變量通過評估 7 點量表代表跨期選擇偏好。結果發(fā)現(xiàn)，在有機會成本提示的條件下，主觀社會階層高的大學生要比主觀社會階層低的大學生更偏好立即獎賞（SS）；在無機會成本提示的條件下，主觀社會階層低的大學生要比主觀社會階層高的大學生更偏好立即獎賞（SS）；機會成本提示只會影響高階層組的被試，而對低階層組并無影響。 　　研究三通過引入威脅線索變量，采用 2（階層啟動：高/低）2 （威脅線索： 　　有/無）的被試間實驗設計，以 102 名在校本科生為被試，隨機分配到四種條件下，因變量通過評估 7 點量表代表跨期選擇偏好。結果發(fā)現(xiàn)，在有威脅線索條件下，主觀社會階層低的大學生比主觀社會階層高的大學生更偏好立即滿足（SS）；在控制組條件下，不同主觀社會階層的跨期選擇偏好之間沒有顯著差異。 　　基于以上研究得出結論：不同主觀社會階層影響個體跨期選擇偏好，與高階層相比，低階層在跨期選擇中更偏好立即滿足（SS）；機會成本在主觀社會階層與跨期選擇的關系中起調節(jié)作用：在有機會成本提示的條件下，主觀社會階層高的大學生要比主觀社會階層低的大學生更偏好立即滿足（SS）；在無機會成本提示的條件下，主觀社會階層低的大學生要比主觀社會階層高的大學生更偏好立即滿足（SS）；威脅線索在主觀社會階層與跨期選擇的關系中起調節(jié)作用：在有威脅線索條件下，主觀社會階層低的大學生比主觀社會階層高的大學生更偏好立即滿足（SS）；在控制組條件下，不同主觀社會階層的跨期選擇偏好之間沒有顯著差異。 　　關鍵詞：主觀社會階層，跨期選擇，機會成本，威脅線索 　　Abstract 　　People compare the benefits of different time points, and then the process ofmaking judgment decisions is the intertemporal choice According to the class of socialcognitive theory, social class formed the environmental characteristics of a particularway of thinking and behavior, this study integrated new research perspective of class,to explore the influence of subjective social class on intertemporal choice, and putforward the two moderator variables: the opportunity cost and threat clues Themoderator effect of them in the relationship is investigated It has enriched the researchfield related to social class and promoted the understanding of the intertemporal choiceof individual variables 　　Study 1A discusses the relationship between the subjective class andintertemporal choice preliminarily Using the questionnaire method, 150undergraduates as subjects, subjective class by making the participants reportsubjective social status, intertemporal choice choose titration is a fixed sequence oftasks, to delay discount rate as index Results show that the individuals subjectiveclass level was significant for the forecast of delay discount rate, the stratum of thehigher college students, the smaller delay discount rate and suggests more preferencedelay for (LL), which can delay gratification; The lower the subjective class, the higherthe discount rate, indicating a preference for immediate reward (SS) 　　Study 1B by manipulating subjective class, this paper discusses a cause-and-effectrelationship between subjective class and intertemporal choice, intertemporal choicetask is under the specific situation of dual task options, assessment scale at 7 on behalfof intertemporal choice preference Results show that compared with the subjectiveclass of high college students, the subjective low class of college students in taskintertemporal choice preference for immediate reward (SS), and the class of highcollege students prefer to delay in the intertemporal choice large waiting (LL) 　　Study 2 using 2 (manipulating subjective class: high/low) x 2 (opportunity costwith/without) between the subjects of experimental design, 147 college undergraduatesas subjects, randomly assigned to four kinds of condition, the dependent variable byevaluating scale at 7 on behalf of intertemporal choice preference The results showed that the subjective class and opportunity costs on the intertemporal choice preferencehave a significant interaction, under the condition of opportunity cost hint, highsubjective class college students than low of college students preference for immediatereward (SS); Under the condition of no opportunity cost, college students with lowersubjective class preferred immediate reward (SS) than college students with highersubjective class The opportunity cost prompt only affects the participants of the highclass group, but does not affect the lower class group 　　Studies 3 clues variables by introducing a threat, 2 (start classes: high/low) x 2(threat clues: with/without) between the subjects of experimental design, with 102college undergraduates as subjects, randomly assigned to four kinds of condition, thedependent variable by evaluating scale at 7 on behalf of intertemporal choicepreference 　　The results showed that college students with lower subjective class were morelikely to be satisfied with immediate gratification than those with higher subjectivestatus under threat cues Under the condition of control group, there was no significantdifference in the intertemporal choice preference between different subjective classes 　　Based on the above studies, it is concluded that different subjective social classesinfluence individual intertemporal choice preference, and lower classes prefer instantgratification (SS) in intertemporal choice compared with high class Opportunity costmoderate in the relationship of class and intertemporal choice : under the condition ofopportunity cost hint, college students subjective social class is high than low class ofcollege students prefer to meet immediately (SS); Under the condition of noopportunity cost, the college students with lower subjective class are more likely tosatisfy (SS) than the college students with higher subjective status Threat cuesmoderate in the relationship of class and intertemporal choice: under the condition of athreat cues, low stratum of college students is higher than subjective class collegestudents prefer to meet immediately (SS) 　　Key Words：subjective social class, intertemporal choice, opportunity cost, threatcue 　　目錄 　　第 1 章 文獻綜述 　　1.1 社會階層心理學的研究 　　社會學家們認為社會階層是劃分社會生活的重要維度（Durkheim, 2013）。關于社會階層的研究可以追溯到 19 世紀 Marx 的著作中，Marx 和 Engels 通常把社會階層稱作社會階級或者階級意識，從社會階級的勞動關系視角對資本主義的階級沖突進行分析。然而 Kraus 和 Stephens（2012）認為社會學關于階層的研究是基于宏觀的社會群體，缺乏從微觀角度探討社會階層對個人心理與行為產(chǎn)生的影響。心理學研究者們認為盡管階級是社會階層的重要部分，但社會階層的內涵遠遠超越了階級，它包含了一個與之相關的社會文化背景，即在一個社會和歷史環(huán)境中包含的一套特定的文化理想、實踐方式和機制。所以在心理學的研究領域，研究者們發(fā)現(xiàn)社會階層對個體生活的很多方面產(chǎn)生了影響，包括審美偏好（Snibbe& Markus, 2005），語言（Bernstein, 1971），身體健康（Gallo & Matthews, 2003），主觀幸福感（Diener, Ng, Harter, &Arora, 2010）以及認知偏好（Nisbett, 2008）等。 　　社會階層作為一個重要變量已在國內外的心理學研究中頻繁出現(xiàn)，但是有關社會階層如何塑造基本心理過程的理論和實證研究還有待進一步擴大研究范圍，當前先鋒者們已經(jīng)開始關注階層的跨文化研究以及神經(jīng)科學研究(Park et al, 2013；Varnum & Kitayama, 2017)，這也是未來需要關注的熱點。