單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,,第二級(jí),,第三級(jí),,第四級(jí),,第五級(jí),,,,*,水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康評(píng)價(jià)：理論框架、指標(biāo)體系與定量方法,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,全國(guó)污染生態(tài)學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì),,提 綱,I. 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康研究現(xiàn)狀,,,II. 理論框架及其應(yīng)用,,湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng),,海灣生態(tài)系統(tǒng),,III. 評(píng)價(jià)方法及其應(yīng)用,,直接監(jiān)測(cè)評(píng)價(jià)法〔DMM〕,,生態(tài)健康指數(shù)法〔EHIM〕,,生態(tài)模型法〔EMM〕,,IV. 結(jié)論,1980’s: “健康〞概念被引入生態(tài)學(xué)研究，出現(xiàn)“生態(tài)健康〞和“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康〞的概念，研究脅迫作用對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響及受脅迫生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的管理等問題。,,三個(gè)開展階段：多樣化定義 —> 綜合定義—> 學(xué)科定義,,多樣化定義: 生態(tài)學(xué)家、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家、哲學(xué)家、政治家、環(huán)境管理人員,,綜合定義(Costanza,1992),,①系統(tǒng)能維持自我平衡、②系統(tǒng)無疾病、③具有多樣性或復(fù)雜性、④系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性或恢復(fù)力強(qiáng)、⑤增長(zhǎng)活力大、及⑥系統(tǒng)成份間保持平衡。,,學(xué)科定義(ISEH,1998),,“具有診斷、預(yù)測(cè)和預(yù)防特征的, 研究生態(tài)系統(tǒng)管理以及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康與人類健康之間關(guān)系的交叉性的系統(tǒng)科學(xué)〞,研究現(xiàn)狀—— 概念起源與開展,研究現(xiàn)狀—— 診斷指標(biāo)〔1〕,單指標(biāo) ——> 多指標(biāo) ——> 綜合指標(biāo),,,單指標(biāo)(早期階段): 用特殊的種或成份作為衡量指標(biāo)，如,,毒理學(xué)家: 生物個(gè)體健康；,,生態(tài)學(xué)家: 種群豐度；,,魚類生態(tài)學(xué)家: 種群的年齡結(jié)構(gòu);,,Hannon(1985): 生態(tài)總產(chǎn)量(GEP) (類似GDP),,,這樣的指標(biāo)不夠全面，不能反映生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜性；,,易于使用〔特別對(duì)管理者〕,,多指標(biāo)〔當(dāng)前主流〕:,,Karr 等 (1986)：生物完整性指數(shù)(IBI)： 12個(gè)指標(biāo),,Rapport 等 (1985)：生態(tài)系統(tǒng)脅迫指標(biāo)：即營(yíng)養(yǎng)物、初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力、體長(zhǎng)分布、種群多樣性及系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù)能力。,,Ulanowicz (1986)：網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)勢(shì)指數(shù)〔INA〕：包括種群豐度、生態(tài)位、發(fā)育循環(huán)與反響，及總活力等生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的四個(gè)重要特征。,,Kay 等 (1991) ：河流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康指標(biāo)：生物量、輸入、輸出、生產(chǎn)力、呼吸、循環(huán)、Finn 循環(huán)指數(shù)及優(yōu)勢(shì)度等來評(píng)價(jià)Crystal 河流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康〔或完整性〕。,,Costanza (1992)：系統(tǒng)健康指數(shù)：HI =系統(tǒng)活力指數(shù)*系統(tǒng)組織指數(shù)*系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)力指數(shù),,Jorgensen (1995): Exergy〔Ex〕、Structural Exergy 〔Exst〕和 生態(tài)緩沖容量等。,,Dalsgaard (1995, 1996)：農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康指標(biāo)：生物量, 收成, N 通量, 系統(tǒng)管理費(fèi)用, P/B, H/E, 效率, Shinn 指數(shù), Finn 循環(huán)指數(shù), 優(yōu)勢(shì)度, Ex, Exst及生態(tài)緩沖容量。,,Xu等 (1999，2001)：湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康生態(tài)指標(biāo)體系，包括生態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)指標(biāo)、生態(tài)功能指標(biāo)及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)指標(biāo)。脅迫指標(biāo)和響應(yīng)指標(biāo)。,研究現(xiàn)狀—— 診斷指標(biāo)〔2〕,研究現(xiàn)狀,——,,進(jìn)展與問題,,近年來，在可持續(xù)開展思想的推動(dòng)下，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康研究已成為國(guó)際生態(tài)環(huán)境領(lǐng)域新的研究熱點(diǎn)和聯(lián)系地球科學(xué)、環(huán)境科學(xué)、生態(tài)學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)及社會(huì)科學(xué)等學(xué)科的橋梁。,,在北美, 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康學(xué)已成為環(huán)境、生態(tài)、公眾健康、醫(yī)學(xué)、獸醫(yī)等專業(yè)的一門課程,,研究對(duì)象單一：,單一生態(tài)系統(tǒng),；,,研究?jī)?nèi)容不深入：,評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)、評(píng)價(jià)方法,；,研究現(xiàn)狀,——,國(guó)內(nèi)研究現(xiàn)狀,起步晚，開展快,,相關(guān)文獻(xiàn) - 中國(guó)期刊網(wǎng),,檢索詞：生態(tài)健康 or,,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康,,主題：93年，第一篇,,篇名：99年，第一篇,,綜述文章 研究文章,,,305,173,II -,理論框架及其應(yīng)用,湖泊生態(tài)健康指標(biāo),,,海灣生態(tài)健康指標(biāo),湖泊 生態(tài)系統(tǒng),,指標(biāo),體系開發(fā),評(píng)價(jià),方法,確定,定性定量,評(píng)價(jià),,脅迫,因素識(shí)別,,生態(tài)系統(tǒng),響應(yīng),分析,,,理 論 框 架 〔脅迫-響應(yīng)關(guān)系〕,應(yīng) 用,,,,,湖泊 生態(tài)系統(tǒng),海灣 生態(tài)系統(tǒng),富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化,酸化,重金屬污染,殺蟲劑污染,油污染,湖泊生態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)、生態(tài)功能和系統(tǒng)水平的脅迫效應(yīng),,,,,,湖泊化學(xué)污染,脅迫,效應(yīng)的系統(tǒng)分析,,實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),:,富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化,(,國(guó)內(nèi),30,個(gè),+,國(guó)外,31,個(gè),),,酸化,+,油污染,+,重金屬污染,+,殺蟲劑污染,(,數(shù)十個(gè),),,,試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),:,酸化,(4,個(gè),)+,油污染,(2,個(gè),)+,重金屬污染,(2,個(gè),)+,殺蟲劑污染,(13,個(gè),),,,,湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)指標(biāo)開發(fā),,湖泊對(duì)化學(xué)污染脅迫,的,響應(yīng),湖泊生態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)響應(yīng),,浮游植物細(xì)胞：變大,,浮游動(dòng)物個(gè)體：變小,,浮游植物生物量〔BA)：增加,,浮游動(dòng)物生物量(BZ)：減少,,小型浮游動(dòng)物生物量(BZmicro): 增加,,大型浮游動(dòng)物生物量(BZmacro): 減少,,種群多樣性指數(shù)：減小,,BZ/BA比率: 減小,,(BZmacro)/BZmicro比率：減小,,湖泊生態(tài)功能響應(yīng),,浮游植物初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力：降低,,浮游植物碳吸收率：變小,,浮游動(dòng)物碳吸收率：變小,,生態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)移效率：降低,,毛生產(chǎn)力／呼吸率：偏離,1,,,毛生產(chǎn)力／生物量：減小,,生物量／能流比率：減小,,湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)響應(yīng),,生態(tài)緩沖容量：降低,,,(Exergy,),：降低,,,(Structural exergy,),：降低,,火,用,結(jié)構(gòu),火,用,隨脅迫加強(qiáng),湖泊,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康定量表征 綜合指標(biāo)體系,,,,Location,,Mainland China,海灣生態(tài)系統(tǒng)指標(biāo)開發(fā)〔香港吐露港〕,,城市化,,工業(yè)化,,農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展,,資源開發(fā),物理 響應(yīng),化學(xué) 響應(yīng),生物 響應(yīng),系統(tǒng)水平 響應(yīng),生態(tài)服務(wù)功能響應(yīng),脅迫 指標(biāo),響應(yīng) 指標(biāo),環(huán)境污染,,Land-locked,,,Length,:15 km,,,,Average depth,: 10-20 m,,Surface area,: 52 km2,,Velocity: 0.04 - 0.08 m/s,Three subzones: harbor, buffer,channelCurrent,,Seven sample sections,,,Two cities: Tai Po, Sha Tin,,Three Reservoirs:,Plover Cove, Shing Mun, Lower Shing Mun,,,,,,,,Urbanization,,1971,2001,Area: 21.1 → 28.3 km,2,,Population: 24,000 → 625,000,Stresses -,Sha Tin New Town,,1971,2001,Tai Po New Town,,Area: 1.5 → 5 km,2,,Population: 21,000 → 321,000,Urbanization,Stresses -,Industrialization,,1971:,,,,isolated small factories,,,,,1989,:,,,,seven,industry regions,,with total area of more,,then 200 ha,,,,,1989,Stresses -,,Agricultural development,Livestock breeding,圖,3-6,香港,1963,年,-1999,年飼養(yǎng)豬和雞的數(shù)量,,1965 → 1989,,,Pigs,: 3,000,→,,,6,000 heads,,,Chickens,:,,5,000,000,→,,,15,000,000 heads,,,,Stresses -,Water resource exploration,,,Make a dam,,,Pump sea water,,Stresses -,200,Fishy resource exploration,Stresses -,Area & production:,,30 %,of the total,,Mariculture Fish in Tolu Harbor,Four mariculture fish zones,Ore mine exploration,,Ma An Shan Ore Mine,,,Only one in Hong Kong,Duration,:,1906 - 1976,,Outputs,:,900 - 170,000 tons per acre,,120,000 (average),Stresses -,Pollution loading,14716,4745,800,6000,1986,Stresses -,Physical responses,Ecosystem responses,,1936,1965,1968,1973,196,88,138.5 km,2,65.3,,km,2,3.5 m,2 m,53%,65%,Ecosystem responses,,Chemical responses,,,BOD,5,TN,TP,Faecal coli.,,Biological responses,Ecosystem responses,Red tides occurrence,in Tolo Harbour,43,4,Biological responses,Ecosystem responses,Ecosystem-serve-function responses,,,,,,Ecosystem responses,,海灣 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康定量表征 綜合指標(biāo)體系,III -,評(píng)價(jià)方法及其應(yīng)用,直接監(jiān)測(cè)評(píng)價(jià)法(相比照較法)〔DMM〕,,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康指數(shù)法〔EHIM〕,,生態(tài)模型法 〔EMM),Procedure,Select,indicators,Measure,directly or,calculate,indirectly indicator values,Assess,lake ecosystem health,,,,直接監(jiān)測(cè)評(píng)價(jià)法〔DMM〕及其應(yīng)用實(shí)例,Case study,,：,Lake Chao,(Indicators &,Data,),直接監(jiān)測(cè)評(píng)價(jià)法〔DMM〕及其應(yīng)用實(shí)例,Case study,,：,Lake Chao,(Results,),,直接監(jiān)測(cè)評(píng)價(jià)法〔DMM〕及其應(yīng)用實(shí)例,Bad ——>Good:,,Aug. – Oct (C),,Apr. – May (A),,Jun. – Jul. (B),,Nov. – Dec. (D),,Jan. – Mar. (E),,,Tolu Harbor,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康評(píng)價(jià),,(indicators and data),,,Tolu Harbor,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康評(píng)價(jià),(Results),生態(tài)健康指數(shù)法〔EHIM〕及其應(yīng)用,EHI,設(shè) 計(jì),步 驟,生態(tài)健康指數(shù)法〔EHIM〕及其應(yīng)用,計(jì)算公式,,EHI - synthetic ecosystem health index,,EHI,i,- the i-th ecosystem health index for the i-th indicator,,ω,i,- the weighting factor for the i-th indicator,生態(tài)健康指數(shù)法〔EHIM〕及其應(yīng)用,計(jì)算方程,for EHI(BA), EHI(BZ) , EHI(BZ/BA), EHI(Ex) & EHI(Exst),30,個(gè)意大利湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康狀態(tài)定量診斷結(jié)果,,,Case study:,Italy Lakes(Discussion,：,EHI - TSI,Relations,),Indicators for,EHI,Calculations:,,BA, BZ, BZ/BA, Ex, Exst,Indicators for,TSI,Calculations:,,TP, SD , Chl-a,30 Italy Lakes,生態(tài)健康指數(shù)法〔EHIM〕及其應(yīng)用,,,分 析 湖 泊 生 態(tài) 結(jié) 構(gòu),模 型 驗(yàn) 證,計(jì) 算 生 態(tài) 指 標(biāo) 值,評(píng) 價(jià) 湖 泊 生 態(tài) 健 康 狀 態(tài),確定指標(biāo),,滿 意,?,YES,NO,概 念 框 圖,模 型 方 程,模 型 參 數(shù),構(gòu) 建 湖 泊 模 型,,,,,,,生態(tài)模型法〔EMM〕及其應(yīng)用－ 根本流程,,,火,用,生態(tài)模型法〔EMM〕及其應(yīng)用－巢湖磷循環(huán)模型,生態(tài)健康指標(biāo),Exergy,,Str. Exergy,Calibrations,生態(tài)模型法〔EMM〕及其應(yīng)用－巢湖磷循環(huán)模型,,,,,Calibrations,生態(tài)模型法〔EMM〕及其應(yīng)用－巢湖磷循環(huán)模型,,,,,Calculation & Assessment,生態(tài)模型法〔EMM〕及其應(yīng)用－巢湖磷循環(huán)模型,,Results from,,EMM & DMM,,(Bad - Good):,,Aug. – Oct (C),,Apr. – May (A),,Jun. – Jul. (B),,Nov. – Dec. (D),,Jan. – Mar. (E),,A,B,C,D,E,Discussion,－評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果,生態(tài)模型法〔EMM〕及其應(yīng)用－巢湖磷循環(huán)模型,IV,,- Conclusions,(1) A,theoretical frame,for aquatic ecosystem health assessment was proposed,,(3) A,procedure,with five steps for assessing ecosystem health,,(3) A set of,indicators,,including structural, functional & system-level aspects,for,lake,ecosystem health assessment were proposed.,,(4) A set of,indicators,,including stress indicators and response indicators (physical, chemical, biological, system-level & ecosystem-serves-function aspects),for,marine,coastal ecosystem health assessment were recommended.,,(5) Three,methods,(DMM, EMM, EHIM) were introduced & applied to some cases with satisfactory results.,,DMM for the assessment with poor data,,EHIM for the assessment with systematic data,,EMM for the assessment with the ecological model developed.,,Jorgensen S.E., Xu F.-L. Constansan R., “Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health〞. CRC Press, 2005.3, pp. 439. 2021，第二版,,Xu, F.L., et al. (2006). Restorating marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal for integrated catchment management in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong, China. Environmental Management 37(4): 540-552. (SCI),,Xu, F.L. et al. An Ecosystem Health Index Methodology (EHIM) for Lake Ecosystem Health Assessment. Ecol. Model., 2005, 188 (2-4): 327-339. (SCI),,Xu, F.L. et al.(2004). Marine Coastal Ecosystem Health Assessment: a case study of Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong, China. Ecological Modelling 173(4): 355-370. (SCI),,Xu, F.L. et al.(2004). The Long-term Temporal-spatial Dynamics of Marine Coastal Water Quality in the Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong, China. J. Environ. Sci. (China), 169(1): 161-166. (SCI),,Xu, F.L. et al. System-level responses of lake ecosystems to chemical stresses using exergy and structural exergy as ecological indicators. Chemosphere, 2002, 46 (2): 173-185. (SCI),,Xu, F.L. et al. Lake ecosystem health assessment: indicators and methods. Water Research，2001, 35(13): 3157-3167. (SCI),,Xu, F.L. et al. A method for lake ecosystem health assessment: an Ecological Modeling Method and its application. Hydrobiologica，2001, 443 (1-3): 159-175. (SCI),,Xu, F.L., et al. Modellig the effects of ecological engineering on ecosystem health of the Lake Chao. Ecol Model., 1999, 117〔2-3〕: 239-260. (SCI),,Xu, F.L.. Exergy & structural exergy as ecological indicators for the development state of Lake Chao ecosystems. Ecol. Model., 1997, 99(1): 41-49. (SCI),有關(guān)論著,Thank you for your attentions,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,