高層建筑生活給水系統(tǒng)給水方式的選擇【中文2900字】 【中英文WORD】
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【中文2900字】
高層建筑生活給水系統(tǒng)給水方式的選擇
摘要：?通過高層建筑生活給水系統(tǒng)各種給水方式的分析比較，認(rèn)為根據(jù)具體情況采用高位水箱減壓給水方式或幾種給水方式的結(jié)合在目前是比較經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的給水方式。
? 關(guān)鍵詞：?高層建筑?給水方式?減壓給水?
選擇給水方式是高層建筑生活給水系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)鍵，它直接關(guān)系到生活給水系統(tǒng)的使用和工程造價(jià)。對于高層建筑，城市給水管網(wǎng)的水壓一般不能滿足高區(qū)部分生活用水的要求，絕大多數(shù)采用分區(qū)給水方式，即低區(qū)部分直按由城市給水管網(wǎng)供水，高區(qū)部分由水泵加壓供水。就目前我國城市給水狀況而言，水壓一般可滿足建筑五～六層的生活用水要求，高區(qū)部分的供水應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況確定?！督ㄖo水排水設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》（GBJ15－88）（以下簡稱《規(guī)范》）第2.3.4條規(guī)定：“高層建筑生活給水系統(tǒng)的豎向分區(qū)，應(yīng)根據(jù)使用要求、材料設(shè)備性能、維修管理、建筑物層數(shù)等條件，結(jié)合利用室外給水管網(wǎng)的水壓合理確定。分區(qū)最低衛(wèi)生器具配水點(diǎn)處的靜水壓，住宅、旅館、醫(yī)院宜為300～350KPa；辦公樓宜為350～450KPa?！币虼?，根據(jù)《規(guī)范》規(guī)定的分區(qū)給水靜水壓，兼顧消防給水系統(tǒng)的給水方式，高層建筑生活給水系統(tǒng)高區(qū)部分應(yīng)進(jìn)行合理的豎向分區(qū)。
? 城市用地日趨緊張，促使中高層建筑物向高空發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)和現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的發(fā)展，也為高層建筑提供了條件，20世紀(jì)50年代以來，我國大城市里陸續(xù)興建了一批高層建筑。特別是80年代以后我國實(shí)行改革開放以來，經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)日新月異，高層建筑在大中城市乃至小城市里如雨后春筍的拔地而起，發(fā)展很快。據(jù)上海市2002年統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)表明高層建筑已達(dá)5000余棟。高層建筑在節(jié)約用地、壯觀城市和提高人們生活質(zhì)量等方面的優(yōu)越性已為每人所公認(rèn)。高層建筑滅火搶險(xiǎn)不易已成為當(dāng)今火災(zāi)撲救中的“三難”之一（“三難”是指高層建筑、地下工程、石油化工三種火災(zāi)），而高層建筑火災(zāi)的消防給水是滅火的基礎(chǔ)，又是難中之難。高層建筑盡管立足自救，但是落后自救系統(tǒng)一旦失靈，或自救系統(tǒng)雖可工作但不能滿足使用效能，滅火還必須依靠消防隊(duì)的移動(dòng)設(shè)施和裝備去撲救。??
住宅作為供家庭居住使用的建筑，是人類自下而上必不可缺的重要場所。正確處理住宅設(shè)計(jì)中遇到的消防問題，直接關(guān)系到人民的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全。同時(shí)，一項(xiàng)合理的工程設(shè)計(jì)還要考慮建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的投資造價(jià)，做到既安全適用，又經(jīng)濟(jì)合理。
高區(qū)部分可以采用的分區(qū)給水方式有：高位水箱給水方式；變頻調(diào)速水泵給水方式或氣壓罐給水方式?！陡邔用裼媒ㄖO(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范》（GB50045－95）第7.4.7條規(guī)定：“采用高壓給水系統(tǒng)時(shí)，可不設(shè)高位消防水箱。當(dāng)采用臨時(shí)高壓給水系統(tǒng)時(shí)，應(yīng)設(shè)高位消防水箱……?！蔽覈壳跋澜o水系統(tǒng)中臨時(shí)高壓制居多，一般高層建筑都設(shè)有高位消防水箱。在高位水箱有效容積增加不多的情況下，生活貯水與消防貯水同時(shí)貯存于一個(gè)水箱中，這既經(jīng)濟(jì)又便于管理。高位水箱具有穩(wěn)壓作用，使冷熱水系統(tǒng)水壓保持平衡，方便洗浴。變頻調(diào)速水泵不能滿足消防貯水量，存在小流量和零流量供水問題，同時(shí)變頻控制股價(jià)格較高，在高層建筑中采用較少。氣壓罐給水方式的主要缺點(diǎn)是氣壓罐調(diào)節(jié)容積小，同樣存在不能滿足消防貯水的問題，一般作為消防給水系統(tǒng)中的經(jīng)常性增壓設(shè)備，對于高層建筑生活給水一般用于少數(shù)樓層水壓不足時(shí)的增壓。由于以上諸多原因，目前絕大多數(shù)高層建筑采用高位水箱給水方式，盡管高位水箱存在增加建筑荷載和防止生活用水受到二次污染的問題。
高位水箱給水方式可根據(jù)《規(guī)范》要求采用高位水箱減壓給水方式、高位水箱并聯(lián)給水方式或高位水箱串聯(lián)給水方式，或者根據(jù)具體情況采用幾種給水方式的結(jié)合。其中高位水箱減壓給水方式利用減壓水箱和減壓閥減壓。減壓水箱占用一定的建筑面積，并且增加了防止生活用水二次污染的困難，有噪音影響。減壓閥造價(jià)雖然較高，但占地面積大大減小，不影響水質(zhì)而且無噪聲，國內(nèi)減壓閥產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量提高，性能可靠，故采用減壓閥減壓方式的日漸增多。
高位水箱給水方式在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中可以按以下情況考慮。
1、建筑高度50m左右的高層建筑，高區(qū)部分可采用貯水池——水泵——屋頂水箱——減壓閥給水方式。如果低區(qū)部分對供水安全要求較高，可以直接從屋頂水箱引下一根立管至低區(qū)管網(wǎng)，該立管上設(shè)電動(dòng)閥門和減壓閥，平時(shí)電動(dòng)閥門關(guān)閉，在城市給水管網(wǎng)停止供水時(shí)打開電動(dòng)閥門向低區(qū)供水。如圖1所示。此方式供水安全可靠，充分利用了城市管網(wǎng)的水壓，節(jié)省能源。這種方式普遍采用。
2、建筑高度50～80m左右的高層建筑，高區(qū)部分可采用貯水池——水?屋頂水箱——減壓閥給水方式（見圖2）或高位水箱并聯(lián)給水方式（見圖3）。并聯(lián)給水方式各分區(qū)為獨(dú)立的給水系統(tǒng)，供水安全可靠，水泵集中布置，便了管理維護(hù)，運(yùn)行動(dòng)力費(fèi)川省。但走必須設(shè)水泵——水箱兩套設(shè)備，增加了水泵和水箱占用的建筑面積，造價(jià)增大，這在大城市尤為顯著。減壓閥給水方式系統(tǒng)簡單，設(shè)備費(fèi)用少，占地面積小，管理維護(hù)方便。但是其供水安全性比并聯(lián)給水較差，運(yùn)行動(dòng)力費(fèi)用較高。目前我國各地供電情況逐步改善，電費(fèi)比較適中，采用高位水箱分區(qū)減壓給水方式具有較大優(yōu)越性。這種情況病區(qū)部分有兩個(gè)分區(qū)。此種方式應(yīng)用較多。如由重慶建筑大學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院外科大樓，總建筑面積?37756m2，地下有兩層，地上有二十三層，建筑高度?89.1m。生活給水系統(tǒng)采用分區(qū)給水方式，四層及四層以下由城市管網(wǎng)直接供水，五層及五層以上由貯水池——水泵——屋頂水箱——減壓閥減壓給水，高區(qū)部分有兩個(gè)分區(qū)。
3、建筑高度批80～110m左右的高層建筑，高區(qū)部分推薦采用高位水箱分區(qū)減壓給水方式，即貯水池——水泵——屋頂水箱——減壓閥給水方式，如圖4所示。也可以采用高位水箱并聯(lián)給水方式。這種情況高區(qū)部分有三個(gè)分區(qū)。
4、建筑高度超過110m的高層建筑，最高分區(qū)水泵揚(yáng)程將會(huì)很大，壓水管線很長，為避免這種情況應(yīng)采用高位水箱串聯(lián)給水方式（不設(shè)中間水箱時(shí)采用中間接力水泵方式）。推薦采用高位水箱串聯(lián)給水與減壓給水相結(jié)合的方式。
高位水箱串聯(lián)給水方式的特點(diǎn)是各分區(qū)的水泵分散設(shè)置，各從下一分區(qū)的水箱抽水，下一分區(qū)的水箱除供本分區(qū)外同時(shí)是上一分區(qū)的水源，適用于超高層建筑。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是避免了設(shè)揚(yáng)程高的水泵和水壓高的壓水管，壓水管也不會(huì)很長。其缺點(diǎn)是由于設(shè)備分散，管理維護(hù)不便；水泵設(shè)于樓層對防震、隔音要求高；上區(qū)供水受下區(qū)影響，安全性較差。串聯(lián)給水與減壓給水結(jié)合，由于設(shè)備（水泵、水箱）減少，節(jié)省造價(jià)，并有利于管理維護(hù)，也減小了震動(dòng)和噪聲的影響，因而在超高層建筑中采用較多。以上四種情況也有例外。如重慶揚(yáng)子江假日飯店，建筑高度79.65m，地下一層，地上二十三層，地下一層至二層由水泵——屋頂水箱聯(lián)合供水，二十一至二十三層由氣壓給水設(shè)備增壓供水。其低區(qū)最低配水點(diǎn)所受靜水壓達(dá)0.8MPa左右，這是由于該分區(qū)給水系統(tǒng)材料和設(shè)備承壓能力好并采取了相應(yīng)防振隔音措施。
綜上所述，高層建筑生活給水系統(tǒng)給水方式的選擇應(yīng)考慮多種因素。當(dāng)建筑高度50m左右時(shí)，低區(qū)利用城市給水管網(wǎng)水壓直接供水，高區(qū)采用水泵——屋頂水箱聯(lián)合供水；當(dāng)建筑高度50-80m時(shí)，高區(qū)采用高位水箱減壓閥給水方式；當(dāng)建筑高度80-110m時(shí)，高區(qū)采用高位水箱分區(qū)減壓給水方式：當(dāng)建筑高度超過110m時(shí)，高區(qū)采用高位水箱串聯(lián)給水與減壓給水相結(jié)合的方式?？傊?，應(yīng)根據(jù)《規(guī)范》規(guī)定并結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)氐膶?shí)際情況及工程的實(shí)際情況，確定經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的給水方式。
附錄2：外文翻譯
1 翻譯材料
The high-rise construction life gives the water way to the aqueous system the choice
Abstract: Through the high-rise construction life for aqueous system each kind for the water way analysis comparison, thought the basis special details use the top digit water tank reduced pressure are quite economical reasonable give the water way for the water way or several kinds for the water way union in at present.
Key word: The high-rise construction gives the water for the water way reduced pressure
The choice for the water way is the high-rise construction life to the aqueous system design key, it relates directly to the life gives the aqueous system the use and the project construction cost. Regarding the high-rise construction, the city cannot satisfy the high area partial domestic water generally for the water pipe network hydraulic pressure the request, the overwhelming majority uses the district for the water way, namely the low area are partial straight according to by the city for the water pipe network water supply, the high area partially pressurizes by the water pump the water supply. Speaking of the present our country city for the water condition, the hydraulic pressure may satisfiedly construct five ~ six domestic water requests generally, the high area partial water supplies should act according to the special details determination. "Construction Gives Water Draining water Design Standard" (GBJ1588) (Hereafter refers to as "Standard")2.3.4Strip stipulation that,“The high-rise construction life for the aqueous system vertical district, should act according to the operation requirements, material condition and so on equipment performance, service management, building layer, the union uses outdoor gives the water pipe network the hydraulic pressure reasonable determination. The district lowest health appliance matches the water drop place static hydraulic pressure, the housing, the hotel, the hospital is suitable is 300~350KPa; The office building is suitable is 350~450KPa?！盩herefore, stipulated according to "Standard" the district for the water static hydraulic pressure, the proper attention to both fire prevention for the aqueous system for the water way, the high-rise construction life are partial for the aqueous system high area should carry on the reasonable vertical district.
The city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the high-rise building to the upper air development, the modern science and technology and the modern industry development, also has provided the condition for the high-rise construction, 20 Century 50 Since the age, in the our country big city has constructed one batch of high-rise constructions one after another. Specially 80Since the age later our country will have implemented the reform and open policy, the economic development will change with each new day, the high-rise construction in the big or
media-sized cities and even small town city like mushroom growth rising straight from the ground, the development will be very quick. According to Shanghai2,002The year statistical count indicated the high-rise construction has reached5,000Yu Dong. The high-rise construction is saving with, the magnificent city and improves aspect the and so on people quality of life superiority has recognized as each person. The high-rise construction fire fighting emergency is not easy to become now the fire to save goal“Three is difficult”O(jiān)ne (“Three is difficult”Is refers to the high-rise construction, the underground project, the petroleum chemical industry three kind of fires), but the high-rise construction fire fire prevention gives the water is the fire fighting foundation, also is difficult to be difficult. The high-rise construction although bases helps oneself, but falls behind helps oneself the system once to malfunction, or helps oneself the system although to be possible to work but cannot satisfy the use potency, the fire fighting also must depend upon the fire brigade the motion facility and equips saves goal.
The housing achievement supplies the family housing use the construction, is important place which the humanity must not be possible from bottow to top to lack. In the correct processing housing design meets the fire question, relates directly to people's life and property safety. At the same time, a reasonable engineering design also needs to consider the items of basic construction the investment construction cost, achieves both safely is suitable, and the economy is reasonable.
The high area are partial the district which may use for the water way to include: The top digit water tank gives the water way; The frequency conversion velocity modulation water pump gives the water way for the water way or the barometric pressure pot. "High level Civil construction Design Fire protection Standard" (GB50045-95)7.4.7Strip stipulation that,“When uses the high pressure for the aqueous system, but does not suppose the top digit fire prevention water tank. When uses the temporary high pressure for the aqueous system, should suppose the top digit fire prevention water tank......?！監(jiān)ur country the fire prevention the temp
orary high tension system is in the majority at present for the aqueous system in, the general high-rise construction all is equipped with the top digit fire prevention water tank. Increases in not many situations in the top digit water tank dischargeable capacity, the life water storage and the fire prevention store water at the same time stores in a water tank, this both the economy and is advantageous for the management. The top digit water tank has the constant voltage function, causes the cold hot water system hydraulic pressure maintenance balance, facilitates takes a bath. The frequency conversion velocity modulation water pump cannot satisfy
the fire prevention to store the water volume, has the small current capacity and the zero current capacity water supply question, at the same time the frequency conversion control stock price is high, uses few in the high-rise construction. The barometric pressure pot is the barometric pressure pot adjustment volume is small for the water way main shortcoming, the similar existence cannot satisfy the question which the fire prevention stores water, the general achievement fire prevention for the aqueous system in regular pressure unit, uses in generally regarding the high-rise construction life for the water time the minority floor hydraulic pressure insufficiency turbo-charged. Because above many reasons, the overwhelming majority high-rise construction uses the top digit water tank at present for the water way, although the top digit water tank existence increase construction load and prevented the domestic water receives the question which two time pollutes.
The top digit water tank may according to "Standard" for the water way to request to use the top digit water tank reduced pressure for the water way, the top digit water tank parallel for the water way or the top digit water tank series for the water way, or uses several kinds according to the special details to give the water way the union. Top digit water tank reduced pressure gives the water way use reduced pressure water tank and the pressure relief valve reduced pressure. The reduced pressure water tank takes the certain floor space, and increased had prevented the domestic water two time polluted the difficulty, had the noise influence. Pressure relief valve construction cost although high, but the area reduces greatly, does not affect the water quality moreover not to have the noise, the domestic pressure relief valve product quality enhances, the performance is reliable, therefore selects the pressure relief valve reduced pressure method to increase day after day.
The top digit water tank gives the water way in the practical application to be possible according to the below situation consideration.
1.Construction altitude50mThe about high-rise construction, the high area are partial may use the tank――Water pump――Roof water tank――The pressure relief valve gives the water way. If the low area is partially high to the water supply safe request, may direct the next pipe riser directly from the roof water tank to the low area pipe network, on this pipe riser supposes the electrically operated valve and the pressure relief valve, usually the electrically operated valve closure, stops the water supply for the water pipe network turns on the electrically operated valve when the city to the low area water supply. Like chart1Shows. This way water supply safe is reliable, fully has used the city pipe network hydraulic pressure, saves t
he energy. This way universal use.
2.Construction altitude 50~80mThe about high-rise construction, the high area are partial may use the tank――Water roof water tank――The pressure relief valve (sees the chart for the water way2) Or the top digit water tank parallel (sees the chart for the water way3) . Parallel for independent gives the aqueous system for the water way various districts, the water supply safely is reliable, water pump centralism arrangement, then management maintenance, movement power Fei Chuansheng. But walks must suppose the water pump――The water tank two sets of equipment, increased the floor space which the water pump and the water tank took, the construction cost have increased, this especially was remarkable in the big city. Pressure relief valve for water way system simple, equipment expense few, area small, manages the maintenance to be convenient. But its water supply security compared to parallel misses for the water, the movement power cost is high. At present our country each place supplies power the situation to improve gradually, the electrical bill quite is moderate, uses the top digit water tank district reduced pressure to have the big superiority for the water way. This kind of situation ward partially has two districts. This way application are many. Like Chongqing medical college attached first hospital surgical department building which designs by the Chongqing construction university, total floor space 37756m2Underground has two, on has 23, the construction altitude 89.1m. The life uses the district for the aqueous system for the water way, four and below four supplies water directly by the city pipe network, five and above five by tank――Water pump――Roof water tank――The pressure relief valve reduced pressure gives the water, the high area partially has two districts.
3.The construction approves highly 80~110mThe about high-rise construction, the high area partial recommendations uses the top digit water tank district reduced pressure to give the water way, namely tank――Water pump――Roof water tank――The pressure relief valve gives the water way, like chart4Shows. Also may use the top digit water tank parallel to give the water way. This kind of situation high area partially has three districts.
4.The construction surpasses highly 110mThe high-rise construction, highest district lift of pump will be able very big, will press the water pipeline to be very long among, for will avoid this kind of situation being supposed to use the top digit water tank series (will not suppose when water tank for the water way to select relay water pump method). The recommendation uses the top digit water tank series to give the water and the reduced pressure to the aqueous phase union way.
The top digit water tank series is various districts water pump disperses the establishment for the water way characteristic, pumps water respectively from the next district water tank, the next district water tank besides supplies this district at the same time is on a district water source, is suitable for the extra-high building. Its merit was avoids supposing lifts the high water pump and the height of water pressure water pipe, pressed the water pipe not to be able to be very long. Its shortcoming is because equipment dispersible, manages the maintenance to be inconvenient; The water pump supposes quakeproof, sound-insulated in the floor to
requests high; On the area water supply the under area influence, the security misses. Series for water and reduced pressure to water union, because the equipment (water pump, water tank) reduce, saves the construction cost, and is advantageous to the management maintenance, also reduced the vibration and the noise influence, thus uses many in the extra-high building. Above four kind of situations also have the exception. Like Chongqing Yangtze river holiday hotel, construction altitude79.65mUnderground, on 23, underground to two by water pump――The roof water tank union water supply, gives the water equipment turbo-charged water supply 21 to 23 by the barometric pressure. Its low area lowly matches the water drop to receive the static hydraulic pressure to reach 0.8MPa About, this is because this district was good for the aqueous system material and the equipment bearing pressure ability and has taken the corresponding antivibration sound-insulated measure.
In summary, the high-rise construction life should consider the many kinds of factors to the aqueous system for the water way choice. When construction altitude 50m When about, the low area uses the city for the water pipe network hydraulic pressure direct water supply, the high area uses the water pump――Roof water tank union water supply; When construction altitude50-80mWhen, the high area uses the top digit water tank pressure relief valve to give the water way; When construction altitude80-110mWhen, the high area uses the top digit water tank district reduced pressure to give the water way: When constructs surpasses highly 110m When, the high area uses the top digit water tank series to give the water and the reduced pressure to the aqueous phase union way. In brief, should according to "Standard" to stipulate and to unify local the actual situation and the project actual situation, the definite economy reasonable gives the water way.
2 中文翻譯
高層建筑生活給水系統(tǒng)給水方式的選擇
摘要：?通過高層建筑生活給水系統(tǒng)各種給水方式的分析比較，認(rèn)為根據(jù)具體情況采用高位水箱減壓給水方式或幾種給水方式的結(jié)合在目前是比較經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的給水方式。
? 關(guān)鍵詞：?高層建筑?給水方式?減壓給水?
選擇給水方式是高層建筑生活給水系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)鍵，它直接關(guān)系到生活給水系統(tǒng)的使用和工程造價(jià)。對于高層建筑，城市給水管網(wǎng)的水壓一般不能滿足高區(qū)部分生活用水的要求，絕大多數(shù)采用分區(qū)給水方式，即低區(qū)部分直按由城市給水管網(wǎng)供水，高區(qū)部分由水泵加壓供水。就目前我國城市給水狀況而言，水壓一般可滿足建筑五～六層的生活用水要求，高區(qū)部分的供水應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況確定?！督ㄖo水排水設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》（GBJ15－88）（以下簡稱《規(guī)范》）第2.3.4條規(guī)定：“高層建筑生活給水系統(tǒng)的豎向分區(qū)，應(yīng)根據(jù)使用要求、材料設(shè)備性能、維修管理、建筑物層數(shù)等條件，結(jié)合利用室外給水管網(wǎng)的水壓合理確定。分區(qū)最低衛(wèi)生器具配水點(diǎn)處的靜水壓，住宅、旅館、醫(yī)院宜為300～350KPa；辦公樓宜為350～450KPa?！币虼?，根據(jù)《規(guī)范》規(guī)定的分區(qū)給水靜水壓，兼顧消防給水系統(tǒng)的給水方式，高層建筑生活給水系統(tǒng)高區(qū)部分應(yīng)進(jìn)行合理的豎向分區(qū)。
? 城市用地日趨緊張，促使中高層建筑物向高空發(fā)展，現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)和現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的發(fā)展，也為高層建筑提供了條件，20世紀(jì)50年代以來，我國大城市里陸續(xù)興建了一批高層建筑。特別是80年代以后我國實(shí)行改革開放以來，經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)日新月異，高層建筑在大中城市乃至小城市里如雨后春筍的拔地而起，發(fā)展很快。據(jù)上海市2002年統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)表明高層建筑已達(dá)5000余棟。高層建筑在節(jié)約用地、壯觀城市和提高人們生活質(zhì)量等方面的優(yōu)越性已為每人所公認(rèn)。高層建筑滅火搶險(xiǎn)不易已成為當(dāng)今火災(zāi)撲救中的“三難”之一（“三難”是指高層建筑、地下工程、石油化工三種火災(zāi)），而高層建筑火災(zāi)的消防給水是滅火的基礎(chǔ)，又是難中之難。高層建筑盡管立足自救，但是落后自救系統(tǒng)一旦失靈，或自救系統(tǒng)雖可工作但不能滿足使用效能，滅火還必須依靠消防隊(duì)的移動(dòng)設(shè)施和裝備去撲救。??
住宅作為供家庭居住使用的建筑，是人類自下而上必不可缺的重要場所。正確處理住宅設(shè)計(jì)中遇到的消防問題，直接關(guān)系到人民的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全。同時(shí)，一項(xiàng)合理的工程設(shè)計(jì)還要考慮建設(shè)項(xiàng)目的投資造價(jià)，做到既安全適用，又經(jīng)濟(jì)合理。
高區(qū)部分可以采用的分區(qū)給水方式有：高位水箱給水方式；變頻調(diào)速水泵給水方式或氣壓罐給水方式?！陡邔用裼媒ㄖO(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范》（GB50045－95）第7.4.7條規(guī)定：“采用高壓給水系統(tǒng)時(shí)，可不設(shè)高位消防水箱。當(dāng)采用臨時(shí)高壓給水系統(tǒng)時(shí)，應(yīng)設(shè)高位消防水箱……?！蔽覈壳跋澜o水系統(tǒng)中臨時(shí)高壓制居多，一般高層建筑都設(shè)有高位消防水箱。在高位水箱有效容積增加不多的情況下，生活貯水與消防貯水同時(shí)貯存于一個(gè)水箱中，這既經(jīng)濟(jì)又便于管理。高位水箱具有穩(wěn)壓作用，使冷熱水系統(tǒng)水壓保持平衡，方便洗浴。變頻調(diào)速水泵不能滿足消防貯水量，存在小流量和零流量供水問題，同時(shí)變頻控制股價(jià)格較高，在高層建筑中采用較少。氣壓罐給水方式的主要缺點(diǎn)是氣壓罐調(diào)節(jié)容積小，同樣存在不能滿足消防貯水的問題，一般作為消防給水系統(tǒng)中的經(jīng)常性增壓設(shè)備，對于高層建筑生活給水一般用于少數(shù)樓層水壓不足時(shí)的增壓。由于以上諸多原因，目前絕大多數(shù)高層建筑采用高位水箱給水方式，盡管高位水箱存在增加建筑荷載和防止生活用水受到二次污染的問題。
高位水箱給水方式可根據(jù)《規(guī)范》要求采用高位水箱減壓給水方式、高位水箱并聯(lián)給水方式或高位水箱串聯(lián)給水方式，或者根據(jù)具體情況采用幾種給水方式的結(jié)合。其中高位水箱減壓給水方式利用減壓水箱和減壓閥減壓。減壓水箱占用一定的建筑面積，并且增加了防止生活用水二次污染的困難，有噪音影響。減壓閥造價(jià)雖然較高，但占地面積大大減小，不影響水質(zhì)而且無噪聲，國內(nèi)減壓閥產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量提高，性能可靠，故采用減壓閥減壓方式的日漸增多。
高位水箱給水方式在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中可以按以下情況考慮。
1、建筑高度50m左右的高層建筑，高區(qū)部分可采用貯水池——水泵——屋頂水箱——減壓閥給水方式。如果低區(qū)部分對供水安全要求較高，可以直接從屋頂水箱引下一根立管至低區(qū)管網(wǎng)，該立管上設(shè)電動(dòng)閥門和減壓閥，平時(shí)電動(dòng)閥門關(guān)閉，在城市給水管網(wǎng)停止供水時(shí)打開電動(dòng)閥門向低區(qū)供水。如圖1所示。此方式供水安全可靠，充分利用了城市管網(wǎng)的水壓，節(jié)省能源。這種方式普遍采用。
2、建筑高度50～80m左右的高層建筑，高區(qū)部分可采用貯水池——水?屋頂水箱——減壓閥給水方式（見圖2）或高位水箱并聯(lián)給水方式（見圖3）。并聯(lián)給水方式各分區(qū)為獨(dú)立的給水系統(tǒng)，供水安全可靠，水泵集中布置，便了管理維護(hù)，運(yùn)行動(dòng)力費(fèi)川省。但走必須設(shè)水泵——水箱兩套設(shè)備，增加了水泵和水箱占用的建筑面積，造價(jià)增大，這在大城市尤為顯著。減壓閥給水方式系統(tǒng)簡單，設(shè)備費(fèi)用少，占地面積小，管理維護(hù)方便。但是其供水安全性比并聯(lián)給水較差，運(yùn)行動(dòng)力費(fèi)用較高。目前我國各地供電情況逐步改善，電費(fèi)比較適中，采用高位水箱分區(qū)減壓給水方式具有較大優(yōu)越性。這種情況病區(qū)部分有兩個(gè)分區(qū)。此種方式應(yīng)用較多。如由重慶建筑大學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院外科大樓，總建筑面積?37756m2，地下有兩層，地上有二十三層，建筑高度?89.1m。生活給水系統(tǒng)采用分區(qū)給水方式，四層及四層以下由城市管網(wǎng)直接供水，五層及五層以上由貯水池——水泵——屋頂水箱——減壓閥減壓給水，高區(qū)部分有兩個(gè)分區(qū)。
3、建筑高度批80～110m左右的高層建筑，高區(qū)部分推薦采用高位水箱分區(qū)減壓給水方式，即貯水池——水泵——屋頂水箱——減壓閥給水方式，如圖4所示。也可以采用高位水箱并聯(lián)給水方式。這種情況高區(qū)部分有三個(gè)分區(qū)。
4、建筑高度超過110m的高層建筑，最高分區(qū)水泵揚(yáng)程將會(huì)很大，壓水管線很長，為避免這種情況應(yīng)采用高位水箱串聯(lián)給水方式（不設(shè)中間水箱時(shí)采用中間接力水泵方式）。推薦采用高位水箱串聯(lián)給水與減壓給水相結(jié)合的方式。
高位水箱串聯(lián)給水方式的特點(diǎn)是各分區(qū)的水泵分散設(shè)置，各從下一分區(qū)的水箱抽水，下一分區(qū)的水箱除供本分區(qū)外同時(shí)是上一分區(qū)的水源，適用于超高層建筑。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是避免了設(shè)揚(yáng)程高的水泵和水壓高的壓水管，壓水管也不會(huì)很長。其缺點(diǎn)是由于設(shè)備分散，管理維護(hù)不便；水泵設(shè)于樓層對防震、隔音要求高；上區(qū)供水受下區(qū)影響，安全性較差。串聯(lián)給水與減壓給水結(jié)合，由于設(shè)備（水泵、水箱）減少，節(jié)省造價(jià)，并有利于管理維護(hù)，也減小了震動(dòng)和噪聲的影響，因而在超高層建筑中采用較多。以上四種情況也有例外。如重慶揚(yáng)子江假日飯店，建筑高度79.65m，地下一層，地上二十三層，地下一層至二層由水泵——屋頂水箱聯(lián)合供水，二十一至二十三層由氣壓給水設(shè)備增壓供水。其低區(qū)最低配水點(diǎn)所受靜水壓達(dá)0.8MPa左右，這是由于該分區(qū)給水系統(tǒng)材料和設(shè)備承壓能力好并采取了相應(yīng)防振隔音措施。
綜上所述，高層建筑生活給水系統(tǒng)給水方式的選擇應(yīng)考慮多種因素。當(dāng)建筑高度50m左右時(shí)，低區(qū)利用城市給水管網(wǎng)水壓直接供水，高區(qū)采用水泵——屋頂水箱聯(lián)合供水；當(dāng)建筑高度50-80m時(shí)，高區(qū)采用高位水箱減壓閥給水方式；當(dāng)建筑高度80-110m時(shí)，高區(qū)采用高位水箱分區(qū)減壓給水方式：當(dāng)建筑高度超過110m時(shí)，高區(qū)采用高位水箱串聯(lián)給水與減壓給水相結(jié)合的方式?？傊?，應(yīng)根據(jù)《規(guī)范》規(guī)定并結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)氐膶?shí)際情況及工程的實(shí)際情況，確定經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的給水方式。
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