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1、 生態(tài)型服務(wù)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展綜述中英文對照 Ecological service and sustainable development in Chinese and English language compared 摘 要：近年來人們發(fā)現(xiàn)服務(wù)業(yè)對環(huán)境也存在很多不利的影響，所以，一個新的概念由此提出，即生態(tài)型服務(wù)。主要介紹生態(tài)型服務(wù)的概念和內(nèi)涵，在分析傳統(tǒng)服務(wù)對環(huán)境負(fù)作用的基礎(chǔ)上，系統(tǒng)研究生態(tài)型服務(wù)對可持續(xù)發(fā)展的貢獻，以及其中所包含的反彈效應(yīng)。 Pick to: in recent years, it was found that service industry also ex

2、ists many adverse effects to the environment, therefore, a new concept which is put forward, namely ecological services. Mainly introduces the concept and connotation of ecological services, on the basis of analyzing the traditional service negative effect to the environment, ecological service syst

3、em research contribution to the sustainable development, as well as the rebound effect contained in it. 　　關(guān)鍵詞：生態(tài)型服務(wù) 產(chǎn)品服務(wù)系統(tǒng) 反彈效應(yīng)。 Key words: ecological service product service system rebound effect. 　　1 生態(tài)型服務(wù)的內(nèi)涵。 1, the connotation of ecological services. 　　20 世紀(jì) 90 年代，西方學(xué)者提出經(jīng)濟

4、生態(tài)效率服務(wù)理論，強調(diào)資源使用效率，滿足人類需求和生活質(zhì)量的同時，減少生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響。Hockert （1999）、Schrader （1999）、Meijkamp（2002）將生態(tài)型服務(wù)分成三類，（1）產(chǎn)品服務(wù)，即通過對已出售的產(chǎn)品提供附加的服務(wù)，以達到延長產(chǎn)品使用的壽命的目的，包括保養(yǎng)、升級和回收等。（2）使用服務(wù)，即企業(yè)不再通過出售產(chǎn)品實體，而只出售產(chǎn)品使用權(quán)而形成的服務(wù)，如共享、聯(lián)用和租賃等。（3）結(jié)果服務(wù)，即企業(yè)不向消費者出售產(chǎn)品，消費者既不購買、擁有，也不使用產(chǎn)品，而是通過企業(yè)提供服務(wù)，確保消費者達到滿足需要的結(jié)果。我國學(xué)者李伍榮（2007）認(rèn)為生態(tài)型服務(wù)有以下幾個特點：（1）基于

5、物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品而產(chǎn)生。生態(tài)型服務(wù)是與產(chǎn)品相關(guān)聯(lián)的， 或補充或替代產(chǎn)品， 而且是動態(tài)意義上的。（2）利用產(chǎn)品功能而產(chǎn)生。生態(tài)型服務(wù)中所涉及的銷售不同于傳統(tǒng)的銷售，它是產(chǎn)品功能的銷售。（3）有利于生態(tài)環(huán)境而產(chǎn)生。發(fā)展生態(tài)型服務(wù)的目的就是為了減輕服務(wù)業(yè)對環(huán)境發(fā)展的壓力，減少人類生活對生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響。（4）為滿足消費者需要而產(chǎn)生。生態(tài)型服務(wù)能為消費者帶來高增加值，如較低的成本。相對于一次性購買產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，生態(tài)型服務(wù)的成本整體較低。 In the 1990 s, western scholars put forward economic ecological efficiency theory, empha

6、sizes the resources use efficiency, satisfy human needs and the quality of life at the same time, reduce the influence of ecological environment. Hockert (1999) and Schrader (1999), Meijkamp ecological services (2002) be classified into three categories, (1) products and services, namely, through to

7、 the sold products provide additional services, in order to achieve the purpose of prolonging the life of the product use, maintenance, upgrade, and recycling, etc. (2) use the service, the enterprise no longer sell products entity, and sell products only use and form of service, such as sharing, co

8、mbination and leasing, etc. (3) the results service, that is, companies do not sell products to consumers, consumers do not buy, have, also dont use the product, but by the enterprise to provide services, ensure to meet the needs of consumers. Chinese scholars Li Wurong (2007) argue that ecological

9、service has the following characteristics: (1) based on the material products. Ecological service is associated with a product, or supplement or substitute products, and is a dynamic sense of the word. (2) the use of product function. Ecological service involved in the sales of different from the tr

10、aditional sales, it is the product of sales functions. (3) is beneficial to the ecological environment. Development of ecological service aim is to ease pressure on environment and development in service industry, reduce the impact on the ecological environment of human life. (4) to meet consumer ne

11、eds. Ecological service can bring high added value for consumers, such as lower cost. Relative to a one-time purchase products and services, ecological service of the overall cost is low. 　　2 生態(tài)型服務(wù)對可持續(xù)發(fā)展的貢獻。 2 ecological service contribution to sustainable development. 　　可持續(xù)發(fā)展是一種注重長遠(yuǎn)發(fā)

12、展的經(jīng)濟增長模式，是指既滿足代人的需求，又不損害后代人滿足其需求的能力。生態(tài)型服務(wù)能夠在滿足人們增加的需求的同時，對資源和環(huán)境的消耗卻相應(yīng)減少，因此生態(tài)型服務(wù)符合可持續(xù)發(fā)展的要求。 Sustainable development is a focus on long-term development of the economic growth pattern, refers to satisfy the demand of generation, and does not harm the ability of future generations to meet their demand

13、. Ecological services to meet the needs of people increase at the same time, for the consumption of resources and the environment is reduced, so the ecological service in line with the requirements of sustainable development. 　　2.1 生態(tài)型服務(wù)的資源環(huán)境可持續(xù)性。 2.1 the sustainability of resources and envi

14、ronment ecological services. 　　2.1.1 傳統(tǒng)服務(wù)業(yè)對環(huán)境的壓力。 2.1.1 traditional service industry to the environment pressure. 　　服務(wù)的“無形性”或“去物質(zhì)化”對生態(tài)的沖擊度低，但并不是不存在的。服務(wù)業(yè)每一單位的增長都要消耗一定量的自然資源和環(huán)境資源，如果消耗不當(dāng)，就會給人來帶來災(zāi)難性的后果。James Salzman（2000）指出在美國雖然服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展顯著增長，但制造業(yè)卻沒有下降，物質(zhì)材料的減少使用因為經(jīng)濟活動水平的提高而抵消，他根據(jù)服務(wù)的屬性和類別，把服務(wù)對生

15、態(tài)的不同影響分為每單位服務(wù)的直接影響和累積影響，并把具有“二高”影響的服務(wù)稱為“煙囪服務(wù)”，比如電力服務(wù)、醫(yī)療服務(wù)和運輸服務(wù)。Terry Davies（2000）美國食品服務(wù)和食品零售店對環(huán)境的影響狀況，指出食品業(yè)發(fā)展給環(huán)境帶來的直接影響是固體垃圾排放，空氣污染和水污染以及能量消耗。我國學(xué)者呂曉綱（1999）、馬立春（2003）、曲如曉（2005）也從近年來的中國飲食娛樂業(yè)、旅游和房產(chǎn)、信息產(chǎn)業(yè)、交通運輸業(yè)等方面分析了服務(wù)業(yè)的發(fā)展并不能減少生態(tài)環(huán)境壓力，反而造成了生態(tài)環(huán)境的破壞，對人類的生活也造成了極大地不利影響。 Service of the "invisibility" or "mate

16、rialization" of ecological impact degree is low, but there isnt. The growth in services per unit must consume a certain amount of natural resources and environmental resources, if use undeserved, can give a person to have disastrous consequences. James Salzman (2000) pointed out that although servic

17、es development significant growth in the United States, but not manufacturing declined, less material used offset by raising the level of economic activity, he according to the properties and service category, divides into the different impacts on the ecological service per unit of service directly

18、influences and cumulative effect, and the call of the impact of "two high" service "chimney" service, such as electric power, medical services and transportation services. Terry Davies (2000) American food service and retail impact on the environment, pointed out that the food industry development h

19、as direct influence to the environment is solid waste emissions, air pollution and water pollution and energy consumption. Chinese scholars Lv Xiaogang (1999), Ma Lichun (2003), song such as xiao (2005) also in recent years, the Chinese diet, the entertainment industry, information industry, tourism

20、 and real estate, transportation and so on analysis the development of the services does not reduce the ecological environment pressure, caused the destruction of the ecological environment, instead of human life has also caused greatly negative effect. 　　2.1.2“生態(tài)有利”的提出。 2.1.2 "ecological" i

21、s put forward. 　　隨著認(rèn)識的深入， 特別服務(wù)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展， 便產(chǎn)生了服務(wù)本身的環(huán)境、生態(tài)影響問題。Goedkoep（1999）、Mont（2001）提出了生態(tài)設(shè)計或產(chǎn)品生命周期設(shè)計的思想。生態(tài)設(shè)計除了生態(tài)設(shè)計除了考慮產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量性能和成本外，還要考慮產(chǎn)品的回收與處理，減少對生態(tài)環(huán)境的不利影響。在可持續(xù)發(fā)展觀念的指導(dǎo)下， 1997 年，世界可持續(xù)發(fā)展委員會提出了“生態(tài)有利”的思想，即“借由提供市場競爭定價的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)以達成之，而這些產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)在滿足人類需求與提升生活質(zhì)量的同時，應(yīng)通過產(chǎn)品生命周期逐漸降低對生態(tài)的沖擊與資源的消耗強度，使之至少與估計的地球能力相當(dāng)”?！吧鷳B(tài)

22、有利”強調(diào)服務(wù)的作用，認(rèn)為產(chǎn)品不過是實現(xiàn)滿足人們需要的工具或說物質(zhì)載體?！吧鷳B(tài)有利”的思想與服務(wù)經(jīng)濟的實際相結(jié)合便產(chǎn)生了生態(tài)型服務(wù)的理念和思想。 With the deepening of understanding, especially the development of service economy, the service itself is produced in the environmental and ecological impact. Goedkoep (1999), Mont (2001) proposed the ecology design or design

23、ideas of the product life cycle. Ecological design in addition to the ecological design in addition to considering the quality of the products performance and cost, consider the recycling and processing of products, reduce adverse impacts on the ecological environment. Under the guidance of sustaina

24、ble development concept, in 1997, the commission on sustainable development put forward the thought of "ecological", namely "by providing competitive market pricing of products and services to achieve, and the products and services to satisfy human needs and improve the quality of life at the same t

25、ime, through the product life cycle should be gradually reduce the intensity of the impact on the ecology and resource consumption, so at least with the estimation of the earths ability to fairly". "Ecological" emphasizes the role of the service, but think product is tools or material carrier implem

26、entation to satisfy peoples needs. With the idea of ecological benefit, combined with the reality of each of the service economy, the ecological services of ideas and thoughts. 　　2.1.3 生態(tài)型服務(wù)如何減輕環(huán)境壓力。 2.1.3 ecological service how to alleviate environmental pressures. 　　生態(tài)型服務(wù)在減輕環(huán)境壓力方面主要

27、表現(xiàn)有： Ecological service in reducing the environmental pressure main performance are: 　?。?）延長產(chǎn)品的使用壽命。Jennie Oldham（2002） 指出仔細(xì)的維修和翻新能夠延長產(chǎn)品的使用效率，減少能源、原材料及其附加產(chǎn)品的消費和排放。產(chǎn)品的保養(yǎng)、維修、升級來使產(chǎn)品的使用壽命越長，滿足人們同樣所需的產(chǎn)品數(shù)量就越少，從而減少資源、能源的耗用和對生態(tài)的壓力（2）減少產(chǎn)品的需求量。Meijkamp R（2000）將荷蘭合伙用車與私有汽車相比，得出結(jié)論說，合伙用車在減少環(huán)境壓力方面有積極的作用，主

28、要包括基于行為的因素和基于系統(tǒng)本身的因素兩個方面，如合伙使用的汽車多屬于相對輕量的汽車，這樣就既減少了生產(chǎn)汽車本身對環(huán)境的影響，也提高了燃料使用的效率；合伙用車停車位，節(jié)省住房空間；此外，合伙用車使用化石燃料、選擇燃油效率高的發(fā)動機等行為都極大的減少了環(huán)境壓力。我國學(xué)者夏凱旋等（2007）對北京非正式汽車共享服務(wù)進行研究，雖然北京尚未形成商業(yè)的共享服務(wù)，但還是證明了共享車的生態(tài)效率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于私家車，每個消費者在采納汽車共享服務(wù)后，溫室氣體、臭氧、酸性氣體等十一種排放物質(zhì)減少了 7%-18%不等。 (1) to extend the service life of the product. Je

29、nnie Oldham (2002) point out that careful maintenance and renovation can extend the use of the product efficiency, reduce energy, raw materials and the additional product consumption and emissions. Product maintenance, repair, upgrade, to make the longer service life of the product, satisfy people t

30、he same product quantity is less, thereby reducing the consumption of resources, energy and the ecological pressure (2) reduce the demand for products. Meijkamp R (2000) to the Netherlands carpool compared with private cars, concluded that carpool has positive effect in reducing environmental pressu

31、re, mainly including based on the behavior of the factors and factor two aspects based on the system itself, such as partnership to use car more belong to relatively lightweight cars, this is both reduces the production of the vehicles impact on the environment, also improve the efficiency of the fu

32、el use; Carpool parking space, save the housing space; In addition, carpool use fossil fuels, and the choice of fuel-efficient engines greatly reduces the pressure of environment, etc. Chinese scholars Xia Kaixuan etc. (2007) study of informal car sharing service in Beijing, while Beijing has not yet formed business Shared services, but it proved that the Shared car ecological efficiency is much higher than private cars, each consumer in the adoption of car sharing service, greenhouse gases, ozone, acid gases such as 11 kinds of emissions decreased by 7% - 18% range.