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1、 句子成分（教師版） 什么叫句子成分呢？句子的組成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，詞與詞之間有一定的組合關(guān)系，按照不同的關(guān)系，可以把句子分為不同的組成成分。句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)?，F(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。英語的基本成分有七種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial) 和補語（complement）。 英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。 英語五

2、種基本句型列式如下： 一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋謂） 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋謂＋賓） 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓） 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋謂＋賓＋賓補） 基本句型 一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋謂） 主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞（如boy），主格代詞（如you），動詞不定式，動名詞等。主語一般在句首。注意名詞單數(shù)形式常和冠詞不分家！ 謂語：謂語由動詞構(gòu)成，是英語時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之后。不及物動詞（vi.）沒有賓語，形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一個共同特點，即句子的謂語動詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思

3、。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。 Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物動詞） 1. The sun │was shining. 太陽在照耀著。 2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。 3. The universe │remains. 宇宙長存。 4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。 5. Who │cares? 管它呢？ 6. What he said │does not matter.

4、他所講的沒有什么關(guān)系。 7. They │talked for half an hour. 他們談了半個小時。 8. The pen │writes smoothly 這支筆書寫流利。 基本句型 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表） 此句型的句子有一個共同的特點：句子謂語動詞都不能表達(dá)一個完整的意思，必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動詞叫做連系動詞。系動詞分兩類：be, look, keep, seem等屬一類，表示情況；get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類，表示變化。be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主

5、語和表語的作用。其它系動詞仍保持其部分詞義。感官動詞多可用作聯(lián)系動詞：look well/面色好,sound nice/聽起來不錯,feel good/感覺好，smell bad/難聞 Ｓ │Ｖ（是系動詞）│ Ｐ 1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。 2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的氣味很好。 3. He │fell │in love. 他墮入了情網(wǎng)。 4. Everything │looks │differen

6、t. 一切看來都不同了。 5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他長得又高又壯 6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻煩的是他們?nèi)鄙馘X。 7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我們井干枯了。 8. His face │turned │red. 他的臉紅了。 There be 結(jié)構(gòu)： There be 表示‘存在有’。這里的there沒有實際意義，不可與副詞‘there那里’

7、混淆。 此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞，表示‘（存在）有某事物’ 試比較：There is a boy there.（那兒有一個男孩。）/前一個there無實意，后一個there為副詞‘那里’。 基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋謂＋賓） 此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞。賓語位于及物動詞之后，一般同主語構(gòu)成一樣，不同的是構(gòu)成賓語的代詞必須是‘代詞賓格’，如：me，him，them等 Ｓ │Ｖ（及物動詞）│ Ｏ 1. Who │knows │the an

8、swer? 誰知道答案？ 2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感謝。 3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒絕幫他們。 4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜歡看書。 5. They │ate │what was left over. 他們吃了剩飯。 6. He │said │"Good morning." 他說："早上好！" 7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承認(rèn)犯了錯誤。

9、 基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓） 有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個賓語通常一個指人，為間接賓語；一個指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。 一般的順序為：動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。如：Give me a cup of tea,please. 強調(diào)間接賓語順序為：動詞 + 直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如： Show this house to Mr.Smith. 若直接賓語為人稱代詞：動詞+ 代詞直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如：Bring it to me,please. Ｓ

10、 │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物） 1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她給自己定了一套新衣裳。 2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她給丈夫煮了一頓美餐。 3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他給你帶來了一本字典。 4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他對她什么都不拒絕。 5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我給他看我的照片 6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我

11、洗了我的汽車。 7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告訴他汽車晚點了。 8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我開機器。 基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋謂＋賓＋賓補） 此句型的句子的共同特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。 賓語補足語：位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。 名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞 The war made him a sol

12、dier./戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 形容詞 New methods make the job easy./新方法使這項工作變得輕松. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 介詞短語 I often find him at work./我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 動詞不定式 The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老師讓學(xué)生們關(guān)上窗戶. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞 I saw a cat running across the road./我看見一只貓跑過了馬路. Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（賓

13、語） │ Ｃ（賓補） 1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他們?nèi)蚊?dāng)經(jīng)理。 2. They │painted │the door │green. 他們把門漆成綠色 3. This │set │them │thinking. 這使得他們要細(xì)想一想。 4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那房子無人居住。 5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么會這樣想？ 6. We │saw │him │out. 我們送他出去 7. He │asked │me │to come back s

14、oon. 他要我早點回來。 8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看見他們上了那輛公共汽車。 但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡短，這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語（modifier）而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語可以是單詞（主要是形容詞、副詞和數(shù)詞），也可以是各種類型的短語（主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語）。我們稱之為：定語、狀語 一、 定語：定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用‘……的’表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾some,any,every,no構(gòu)成的復(fù)

15、合不定代詞時，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時，則定語通常置后。副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之后。 形容詞作定語： The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修飾名詞boy；blue修飾名詞pen.）/小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。 Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是個英俊的男孩。 There is a good boy./有個乖男孩。 數(shù)詞作定語相當(dāng)于形容詞： Two boys need two pens./兩個男孩需要兩支鋼筆。 The two boys are student

16、s./這兩個男孩是學(xué)生。 There are two boys in the room./房間里有兩個男孩。 代詞或名詞所有格作定語： His boy needs Tom\s pen./他的男孩需要Tom的鋼筆。 His name is Tom./他的名字是湯姆。 There are two boys of Toms there./那兒有Tom家的兩個男孩。 介詞短語作定語： The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支鋼筆。 The boy in blue is Tom./穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆

17、。 There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有兩個9歲的，三個10歲的男孩。 名詞作定語： The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圓珠筆。 It is a ball pen./這是一支圓珠筆。 There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./這鉛筆盒里只有一支圓珠筆。 副詞作定語： The boy there needs a pen./那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。 The best boy here is Tom./這里最棒的男孩是Tom。 不定式作定語：

18、 The boy to write this letter needs a pen./寫這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。 The boy to write this letter is Tom./將要寫這封信的男孩是湯姆。 There is nothing to do today./今天無事要做。 分詞（短語）作定語： The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那個微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。 The pen bought by her is made in China./她買的筆是中國產(chǎn)的。 There are fiv

19、e boys left./有五個留下的男孩。 定語從句： The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那個在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。 The boy you will know is Tom./你將認(rèn)識的男孩叫湯姆。 There are five boys who will play the game./參加游戲的男孩有五個。 二、狀語：狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說明方式、因果、條件、時間、地點、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。 狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：通常在句子

20、基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強調(diào)時放在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；表示時間、地點、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強調(diào)時放在句首，地點狀語一般須在時間狀語之前；一些表示不確定時間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副詞狀語通常位于be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，動詞之前。 有時狀語在句中的某個位置會引起歧義，應(yīng)注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘（此時in the classroom為girl的定語），也可以理解為‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此時in the classroom為地點狀語），最好

21、寫作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.\ 副詞（短語）作狀語： The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語） The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母親買的那支鋼筆。（賓語較長則狀語前置） The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語） The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,n

22、ow,needs a pen./男孩現(xiàn)在需要一支鋼筆。（時間狀語） 介詞短語作狀語：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。（地點狀語） Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母親面前,湯姆總是一個男孩子.(條件狀語) On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里沒有學(xué)生.(時間狀語) 分詞（短語）作狀語： He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨

23、狀態(tài)） Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因為不得不完成作業(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。（原因狀語） Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因為）受了驚嚇，他無聲地坐在那兒。（原因狀語） 不定式作狀語： The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。（目的狀語） To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./為實現(xiàn)夢想,湯姆變得對

24、商業(yè)很有興趣. 名詞作狀語： Come this way!/走這條路?。ǚ较驙钫Z） 狀語從句： 時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、目的狀語從句 、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句 三、同位語：同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如： We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批‘學(xué)生’） We all are students. / (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的‘我們’） 四、獨立成分：有時句子中會有一些與

25、句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨立成分(注意：區(qū)別于分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu))。 感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定詞yes 否定詞no 稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。 插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,這個故事還遠(yuǎn)沒結(jié)束. 情態(tài)詞,表示說話人的語氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語）:perhaps也許,maybe大概,acturely實際上,certainly當(dāng)然，等。 五、分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語與句子的主語一致! 否則應(yīng)有自己的

26、邏輯主語，構(gòu)成分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。 例： 錯句：Studying hard,your score will go up. 正確：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up. 或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up. 解析：錯句中分詞studying沒有自帶邏輯主語，則其邏輯主語就是句子的主語，既your score . 顯然做study的應(yīng)是人，不應(yīng)是your score（分?jǐn)?shù)）. 正確句(1)更正了句子的主語,使其與分詞邏輯主語一致( 同為you );正確句(2)則使用條件分句帶出stu

27、dy的主語,(不過已經(jīng)不是分詞結(jié)構(gòu)了). 分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)常省略being,having been.不過‘There being...’的場合不能省略. 如： Game (being) over,he went home. He stands there,book (being) in hand. 獨立結(jié)構(gòu)還可用with、without引導(dǎo)，作狀語或定語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)不但可以用分詞，還可以用不定式、形容詞、介詞短語、副詞或名詞等。 如： With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./無事可做，他很快就睡著了。 The teacher came in,wit

28、h glasses on his nose./老師進(jìn)來了，戴著一付眼鏡。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！） 句子成分練習(xí)題( 一 ) (一). 指出下列句中主語的中心詞 ① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do todays homework without th

29、e teachers help is very difficult. (二) 選出句中謂語的中心詞 ① I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school b

30、y bus? A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon ⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast ⑥

31、Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework ⑦ What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is ⑧ We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor ⑨ He is interested in m

32、usic. A. is B. interested C. in D. music ⑩ Whom did you give my book to? A. give B.did C. whom D. book (三) 挑出下列句中的賓語 ① My brother hasnt done his homework. ② People all over the world speak English. ③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.

33、④ How many new words did you learn last class? ⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. ⑦ They made him monitor of the class. ⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. ⑨ You will find it usef

34、ul after you leave school. ⑩ They didnt know who "Father Christmas" really is. (四) 挑出下列句中的表語 ① The old man was feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim? ③ The leaves have turned yellow. ④ Soon They all became interested in the subject. ⑤ She was the first to learn about it. (五) 挑

35、出下列句中的定語 ① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name. ② What is your given name? ③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. ④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep. ⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! (六) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語 ① She lik

36、es the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. ⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? (七) 挑出下列句中

37、的狀語 ① There was a big smile on her face. ② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven. ④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. ⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.

38、⑦ I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. ⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. (八) 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語 ① Please tell us a story. ② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.

39、⑤ Did he leave any message for me? 答案 (一)① teacher ② man ③ dictionary ④ To do (二)① B② A ③ C ④ A ⑤ C ⑥ C ⑦ D ⑧ C⑨ A⑩ A (三)①homework. ②English. ③attention ④ words ⑤to go swimming ⑥ he was ill. ⑦ him monitor ⑧bridge museum⑨ it school. ⑩ who"Father Christmas"really

40、 is. (四)①tired. ②worried ③yellow. ④interested ⑤the first (五)① family ②given③third ④ some ⑤ downstairs ⑥ of the other shoe! (六)①to read newspapers and books ②to take the boy ③ difficult ④ Lily ⑤ get on the bus ⑥ playing football (七)① on her face. ②Every night ③ when he w

41、as eleven. ④ too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm ⑥ because she loves books. ⑦ if you’ve lost it ⑧ to see the other machine. (八)① us, 間接賓語 a story, 直接賓語 ② me, 間接賓語 a new bike, 直接賓語 ③ us, 間接賓語 history, 直接賓語 ④ Tom, 間接賓語 it, 直接賓語 ⑤ me, 間接賓語 message, 直接賓語 句子成分練習(xí)題( 三

42、) A 1、 ___ six years since I began to study English. A. It is B. I have been C. There are D. It was 2 、___ in the room at that time. A. Nobody was B. Someone were C. Who is D. He are 3 、ITS very noisy outside. ___ is going on? A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where 4、 ___ in English in cla

43、ss every day is important. A. Speak B. Talking C. Saying D. To tell 5 、There must be____ near the factory. A. a book store B. book store C. books store D. books stores 6 、Although its raining hard, ___ are still working in the fields. A. but they B. and they C. they D. since they B 1、 The doc

44、tor as well as the nurses ___ great concern for the patients. A. show B. shows C. have shown D. are showing 2、 Your son must be a clever boy, ___ he? A. is B. isnt C. must D. mustnt 3、 The computer center, ___ last year, is very popular among students in this school. A. open B. opening C.

45、 opened D. being opened 4 、I ___ go to the shop today, for there is a lot of food at home. A. mustnt B. had to C. cant D. neednt 5 、Dont ___ excited. A. get B. is C. seem D. look 6 This room ___ every morning. A. is cleaning B. is cleaned C. cleans D. cleaning C 1、 Glad to meet you! ___

46、 is your full name? A. What B. Where C. How D. Who 2、 He is ___ to lift the heavy box. A. too weak B. weak tooC. enough weak D. weak enough 3、 The days are ___ warmer and warmer in spring. A. getting B. looking C. seeming D. going 4 、His job is____English. A. teach B. to teach C. taught D.

47、 teaches 5 、Two balls are___. A. under the desk B. in the wall C. to here D. at desks D 1 、We should get ready___ others. A. helping B. to help C. help D. help with 2、 ___interesting work we are doing? A. What a B. How C. What D. What an 3、 I want___ a teacher when I grow up (-fx;fc).

48、A. to be B. to C. be D. being 4、 -Would you like to go on a picnic with me today? -I dont think so. To be honest, I really dont feel like___on a picnic. A. going B. to go C. go D. went 5 Do you know___? A. where does he live B. where he lives C. where he live D. if where he lives 6 Le

49、t ____ do it again. A. I B. me C. he D. she 7 I dont know___. A. how to do B. what to do C. where to do D. when to do E 1、 I saw him ___ basketball with Jack an hour ago. A. plays B. to play C. played D. play o 2、 Sorry, weve kept you___ for a long time. A. waited B. sing C. stand D. wai

50、ting 3 、The teacher told us ____ late again. A. arent be B. dont be C. not to be D. not be 4 、We find the room very___. A. warm B. warmly C. terribly D. hardly F 1 、I found ___ difficult to work together with him. A. it B. its C. that D. those 2 、We all know ___ our duty to clean our cl

51、assroom after school every day. A. that B. this C. which D. it 3、 He found ___ very interesting to play with the little dog. A. what B. it C. / D. that G ( ) 1 Tom said he ___ a good dream yesterday evening. A. dream B. dreamed C. have D. has ( ) 2 Children ___ a happy life in China. A. l

52、ead B. living C. has D. leading H ( ) 1 America, Japan and Canada are___countries. A. developing B. developed C. less developed D. develop ( ) 2 -___ skirt is that on the chair? -Let me see. Oh, no, its not mine. A. Whose B. What C. Whos D. Which ( ) 3 Do you have anything ___? A. saying B

53、. to^ay C. said D. say ( ) 4 Look, there is an___tree by the wall. A. apple B. apples C. apples D. apples ( ) 5 Where is____seat? A. yours B. your C. you D. yourselves I ( ) 1 The box is ___ heavy for her ___ carry. A. very; to B. too; not to C. too; to D. very too; to 2 -___ did you bu

54、y the new bag? -Last Monday. A. Where B. How C. When D. Who 3 You can see these signs in a hospital. ___ can you see them? A. Where else B. Where place else C. Where else place D. Else where 4 They went out ___ their old friends. A. visit B. visiting C. to visit D. visited 5 There is a

55、wide river____ our village. A. outside B. over C. from D. below J 1 The young man, ___ works in the office. A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me 2 Our English teacher, ___ often helps us with study. A. Mrs Wang B. Mrs5 WangC. MrsWangs . D. of him 3 ___, some railway workers are busy repairing the train. A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs A . 1-6 A A B B A C B. 1-6 B B C D A B C. 1-5 A A A B A D. 1-7 B C A A B B B E. 1-4 D D C A F. 1-3 A D B G. 1-2 B A H. 1-5 B A B A B I .1-5 C C A C A J. 1-3 B A C 13