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Protein Cell 2012 3 11 803 805 DOI 10 1007 s13238 012 2811 1 Higher Education Press and Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 803 Protein Bat CoV HKU bat coronavirus HKU 4 1 4 4 5 1 5 5 9 1 9 5 EF065505 to EF065516 BtCoV 133 2005 DQ648794 SARS CoV NC 004718 Bat SARS CoV HKU3 bat SARS coronavirus HKU3 1 DQ022305 CoV HKU1 human coronavirus HKU1 NC 006577 MHV murine hepatitis virus NC 006852 PHEV porcine hemagglutinating en cephalomyelitis virus NC 007732 BCoV bovine coronavirus NC 003045 HCoV OC43 human coronavirus OC43 NC 005147 IBV avian infectious bronchitis virus NC 001451 FIPV feline infectious peritonitis virus AY994055 TGEV DQ811789 PEDV porcine epidemic diarrhea virus NC 003436 HCoV 229E human coronavirus 229E NC 002645 HCoV NL63 human coronavirus NL63 NC 005831 SARS like virus in the Middle East Protein the N terminal two domains would form a chymotrypsin like fold an extra C terminal domain would facilitate the homo dimerization of the protease which is indispensable for the catalytic activity etc Yang et al 2003 After broad inhibitor studies worldwide targeting SARS CoV 3CL Mpro a large number of effective compounds have been discovered which would benefit clinical treatment of the new coronavi rus infection patients The fusion process is also predicted to be similar between SARS CoV and the new coronavirus The studying strategy for the heptad repeat regions of SARS CoV spike Zhu et al 2004 should easily be used in the design of short peptide fusion inhibitors targeting the new coronavirus There are neither prophylactic vaccines to prevent nor ef fective clinical methods to treat the new virus infection by far We believe the treatment experiences with SARS patients might be referential despite that a consensus on an optimal treatment regimen for SARS has not been reached yet Fur ther information are needed regarding to the immune re sponse and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the patients infected by the new virus Another public concern over the new virus is how contagious it is There has not been a definitive answer yet Normally coronaviruses are aerosol transmissible Nevertheless coronaviruses are fairly fragile and easily destroyed by usual detergents and cleaning agents outside of the body Transmission of the new coro navirus appears to be rather limited as only two infection cases are currently confirmed globally Those people having close contacts with and the medical personnel caring for these two patients are not infected by the same virus As to the diagnostic assays a detection method using the real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction has been developed Corman et al 2012 In addition the World Health Organization WHO has already issued an interim case definition to help countries strengthen health protection measures against the new virus http www who int csr disease coronavirus infections case definition en index htm With global efforts and facilitated by the availability of the full genomic sequence of the new virus more sensitive and spe cific diagnostic methods could be expected in the near future By far little is known about the pathogenesis and virulence of the new virus Identification of the cellular receptor for the virus would be of vital importance in understanding its pathogenesis Although it cannot be excluded it is unlikely that the new coronavirus also utilize human ACE2 as the entry receptor as its spike diverges dramatically from that of SARS CoV in sequence less than 27 identity Further efforts are needed to settle the issue What is of equal im portance is the mechanism underlying the viral cross species transmission The phylogenetic analysis reveals a possible bat origin of the new virus If this is the truth how the virus gains the ability to infect human is an urgent issue requiring instant studies Before SARS outbreak a limited number of coronaviruses are known to be circulating in humans causing only mild illness such as common cold Following the 2003 SARS pandemic people start to realize that coronaviruses once crossing the species barrier could be life threatening Further attentions are therefore needed to be paid to the new coro navirus although it does not seem to be very contagious REFERENCES Corman V Eckerle I Bleicker T Zaki A Landt O Esch bach Bludau M van Boheemen S Gopal R Ballhause M Bestebroer T et al 2012 Detection of a novel human coronavirus by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction Euro Surveill 17 In Press Lai M M Perlman S and Anderson L J 2007 Coronaviridae in Fields Virology Knipe D M and Howley P M ed Philadelphia Lippincott Williams Wilkins pp 1305 1336 Woo P C Wang M Lau S K Xu H Poon R W Guo R Wong B H Gao K Tsoi H W Huang Y et al 2007 Comparative analysis of twelve genomes of three novel group 2c and group 2d coronaviruses reveals unique group and subgroup features J Vi rol 81 15741585 Yang H Yang M Ding Y Liu Y Lou Z Zhou Z Sun L Mo L Ye S Pang H et al 2003 The crystal structures of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus main protease and its complex with an inhibitor Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 13190 13195 Zhu J Xiao G Xu Y Yuan F Zheng C Liu Y Yan H Cole D K Bell J I Rao Z et al 2004 Following the rule formation of the 6 helix bundle of the fusion core from severe acute respi ratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein and identification of potent peptide inhibitors Biochem Biophys Res Commun 319 283 288