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走向高考 · 英語(yǔ),路漫漫其修遠(yuǎn)兮 吾將上下而求索,人教版(課標(biāo)卷地區(qū)) · 高考總復(fù)習(xí),基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)聚焦,第一部分,解題策略(十六) 閱讀理解之篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題,第一部分,把握文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)有利于理解文章主題。在近幾年的高考英語(yǔ)試題中出現(xiàn)了專門考查文章結(jié)構(gòu)和寫作手法的考題，如安徽卷中的任務(wù)型讀寫題、江蘇卷中的任務(wù)型閱讀題和湖南卷中的填空題就考查了考生對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的理解。北京卷、陜西卷、重慶卷在近幾年的閱讀理解中也比較注重對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的考查。在《考試大綱》中也明確要求考生“理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)”。高考對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)的考查主要涉及兩個(gè)層次：一是按段落的組織方法理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，二是按寫作方法(論證方法)理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。,命題形式： Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the passage? How is the passage organized? The passage is mainly developed by __________. What is the right order of the steps in doing __________？ The second paragraph is developed by __________.,應(yīng)試策略： ①把握全文的邏輯框架，理解段落與段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系。 ②理解段落內(nèi)論點(diǎn)與論據(jù)，細(xì)節(jié)與主題之間的關(guān)系。 ③掌握常見的寫作方法(時(shí)間順序、空間順序、例證關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系等)和結(jié)構(gòu)(總——分、總——分——總、分——總等)。 ④結(jié)合不同文體全面考慮。,[典例1](2013·陜西)According to sociologists(社會(huì)學(xué)家), every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(階層). Class, power and status are important in deciding people's rank in society. Class means a person's economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class, middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined, they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class, 46% the middle class, and 1% the upper class. Interestingly, a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!,Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously, people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使)big power, but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand, however. For example, the governor of a state has great power, but he or she may not belong to a corresponding (相應(yīng)的)economic class. Generally, however, there is a relationship between power and class. To our knowledge, there aren't too many people who aren't millionaires in the U．S. Senate!,Status is the honor or respect attached to a person's position in society. It can also be affected by power and class, but not necessarily so. For example, a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.,56．Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?,,答案：A 根據(jù)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)來看，文章在第一段總述了“Class, power and status are important in deciding people's rank in society.”，然后在其余三段分述，故選A。,[典例2](2013·江西)When international aid is given, steps must be taken to ensure (確保)that the aid reaches the people for whom it is intended. The way to achieve this may not be simple. It is very difficult for a nation to give help directly to people in another nation. The United Nations Organization (UNO) could undertake to direct the distribution of aid. Here however rises the problem of costs. Also tied with this is time. Perhaps the UNO could set up a body of devoted men and women in every country who can speedily distribute aid to victims of floods and earthquakes.,More than the help that one nation can give to another during a disaster, it would be more effective to give other forms of help during normal times. A common proverb says, “Give me a fish and I eat for a day, teach me to fish and I eat for a lifetime.” If we follow this wise saying, it would be right to teach people from less developed nations to take care of themselves. For example, a country could share its technology with another. This could be in simple areas like agriculture or in more complex areas like medical and health care or even in building satellites. Even a small country is able to help less developed nations.,63．The second paragraph is developed mainly __________. A．by example B．by process C．by comparison D．by contrast 答案：A 作者在第二段先引用一句諺語(yǔ)，然后通過例子來闡述。由此可以推斷出第二段是通過舉例子展開描述的。所以選A項(xiàng)。,