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2019-2020年高考英語大題精做04閱讀理解詞義猜測題含解析新人教版 【題型突破】 詞義猜測題有逐漸增加的趨勢，尤其是猜測詞組、句意題。因為猜測詞組、句意題涉及題材背景、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、文章主旨、作者的觀點(diǎn)/態(tài)度等。聯(lián)系文章主旨、整合上下文信息是解答這類題的關(guān)鍵。近幾年著重考查考生利用同義或反義關(guān)系、構(gòu)詞法、語法和語篇文脈等理解生詞的能力。 【命題方式】 1.The word/phrase＂…＂in the passage means _________. 2.The word/phrase＂…＂can be best replaced by _________. 3. Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to _________? 4.The word/phrase＂…＂probably refers to _________. 5.What does the underlined word/phrase＂…＂in the passage mean? 詞義猜測題要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的上下文語境來判斷其意義，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境主觀臆斷。熟練以下猜詞技巧是做好這類題的關(guān)鍵。 猜詞方法 依據(jù) 猜詞方法 依據(jù) 定義 有時短文中出現(xiàn)一個需要猜測其意義的詞或短語，下面接著出現(xiàn)其定義或解釋，這就是判斷該詞或短語意義的主要依據(jù)。 指代關(guān)系 it，that，this，he，him，them可指上文提到的事、物、人。有時代詞指代的對象相隔較遠(yuǎn)，要認(rèn)真查找；有時需要對前面提到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行總結(jié)，才能得出代詞所指代的對象。 同位關(guān)系 閱讀中出現(xiàn)的難詞有時后面緊跟一個同位語，對前面的詞進(jìn)行解釋，這時可利用同位關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測。 同義關(guān)系 當(dāng)詞或短語之間有并列連詞and，or時，其連接的兩項內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的或遞進(jìn)的，由此可確定同等關(guān)系中的某個生詞所屬的義域，從而推知其大致意思。 構(gòu)詞法 很多詞通過添加前綴、后綴等而合成、派生、轉(zhuǎn)化成一個＂新＂詞，通過掌握一定的構(gòu)詞知識，就不難猜出它的詞義。 轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系 根據(jù)上下句的連接詞(如but, however, otherwise等)可以看出前后句在意義上的差別，從而依據(jù)某一句的含義來確定另一句的含義。分號也可以表示轉(zhuǎn)折、對比或不相干的意義。 因果關(guān)系 根據(jù)文章中的原因可以預(yù)測結(jié)果，根據(jù)結(jié)果也可以找出原因。 語境 通過上下文語境猜測詞義是目前高考閱讀理解中最常見的一種解題方法。 Passage1（xx·新課標(biāo)卷I，D） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時間 說明文 制作簡易太陽能蒸餾器的方法及工作原理 316 ★★★☆☆ 7分鐘 A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸餾器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only ponents required, though, are a 5＇5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt. To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole. Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圓錐體) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸發(fā)) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink. 32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph? A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive. C. It’s plex. . D. It’s portable. 33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to? A. The tube. B. The still. C. The hole. D. The cup. 34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still? A. Dig a hole of a certain size. B. Put the cup in place. C. Weight the sheet’s center down. D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet. 35. When a solar still works, drops of water e into the cup from . A. the plastic tube B. outside the hole C. the open air D. beneath the sheet 33.B 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity可知最好在潮濕的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率?！敖铀鳌敝傅氖窃诔睗竦牡胤酵诙?，在洞的底部放一個杯子，杯子上方用膜覆蓋，整個裝置構(gòu)成接水器，而不是某個部分。這一題很容易錯選D，但是就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事實并不會因為周圍環(huán)境的變化而變化，杯子的工作效率是不變的。故選B。 34.C 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.可知最后一步是weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock(放一塊石頭在覆蓋膜的中間，把它壓下去)，故選C。 35.D 【解析】推理判斷題。結(jié)合第四段中的Ground water evaporates (蒸發(fā)) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup可知地下水蒸發(fā)，在覆蓋膜上聚集起來，直到形成小水滴落在杯子里，覆蓋膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在覆蓋膜的下面。故選D。 Passage2（xx·新課標(biāo)卷II，D） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時間 說明文 當(dāng)植物受到攻擊時會保護(hù)自己并與周圍植物交流 293 ★★★☆☆ 7分鐘 When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals e from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic pounds, VOCs for short. Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react. Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now bees lunch. In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do. Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth. Charles?Darwin,?over?150?years?ago,?imagined?a?world?far?busier,?noisier?and?more?intimate(親密的) ?than?the?world?we?can?see?and?hear.?Our?senses?are?weak.?There’s?a?whole?lot?going?on. 32.?What?does?a?plant?do?when?it?is?under?attack? A.?It?makes?noises.????? B.?It?gets?help?from?other?plants. C.?It?stands?quietly???? D.?It?sends?out?certain?chemicals. 33.?What?does?the?author?mean?by?“the?tables?are?turned”?in?paragraph?3? A.?The?attackers?get?attacked. B.?The?insects?gather?under?the?table. C.?The?plants?get?ready?to?fight?back. D.?The?perfumes?attract?natural?enemies. 34.Scientists find from their studies that plants can . A. predict natural disasters B. protect themselves against insects C. talk to one another intentionally D. help their neighbors when necessary 35.what can we infer from the last paragraph? A. The world is changing faster than ever. B. People have stronger senses than before C. The world is more plex than it seems D. People in Darwin’s time were imaginative. 【文章大意】本文是一篇科普說明文。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)植物受到攻擊時，會發(fā)出VOCs，以此來保護(hù)自己或者與周圍的植物通過化學(xué)物質(zhì)進(jìn)行交流。 32.D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals e from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm”可知，當(dāng)植物受到傷害時，會分泌一種特殊的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。 33.A 【解析】詞義推測題。根據(jù)“Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now bees lunch”，一旦它們到達(dá)這里，這些攻擊者就會受到植物的攻擊，故選A。 34.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題，根據(jù)“Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked” 及“Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away... ”可知答案選B。 Passage3（xx·新課標(biāo)卷III，C） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時間 說明文 美國黃石公園重新引進(jìn)灰狼的事情 295 ★★★☆☆ 6分鐘 After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves. Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around. The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources (來源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and pletely drove away the park’s beavers. As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets. The government spent nearly 30 years ing up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a eback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well. 28. What is the text mainly about? A. Wildlife research in the United States. B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area. C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves. D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park. 29. What does the underlined word ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean? A. Tested. B. Separated. C. Forced out. D. Tracked down. 30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about? A. Damage to local ecology. B. A decline in the park’s ine. C. Preservation of vegetation. D. An increase in the variety of animals. 31. What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project? A. Doubtful. B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring. 【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了美國黃石公園重新引進(jìn)灰狼的事情。人類活動的影響使灰狼的數(shù)量逐漸減少，鹿群數(shù)量逐漸增加，從而導(dǎo)致植被被大量破壞。 28. D 【解析】主旨大意題。文章開門見山地提出黃石公園引進(jìn)灰狼的舉措，然后在下文中詳細(xì)介紹其原因以及帶來的良好的轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)，由此判斷本文的中心話題是美國黃石公園對灰狼的引進(jìn)。 29. C 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)本段后兩句可知，因為人類的發(fā)展，侵占了灰狼的領(lǐng)域，灰狼逐漸向北遷徙，由此推斷灰狼被人類排擠走了。 【名師點(diǎn)睛】詞義猜測題是高考英語閱讀理解中常見的題型，一般考查考生對生詞、熟詞生義詞、短語、代詞的指代的猜測以及對句子的理解等。要求考生熟練掌握構(gòu)詞法，還要學(xué)會利用上下文語境、利用定義、解釋、舉例和對比轉(zhuǎn)折等線索來進(jìn)行判斷。另外構(gòu)詞法也是一種猜詞的辦法，比如通過前綴：dis-，un-，im-等，如本題中的displace。 Passage4（xx·新課標(biāo)卷I，C） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時間 記敘文文 人們之間的友愛 282 ★★★☆☆ 7分鐘 I am Peter Hodes , a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March xx, I’ve done 89 trips—of those , 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells（干細(xì)胞）in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐獻(xiàn)者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we’ve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said:“Well, I’m really sorry, I’ve got some bad news for you—there are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said:“In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient-please, please, you’ve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me，re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled. For this courier job, you’re consciously aware that in that box you’re got something that is potentially going to save somebody’s life. 29. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph1? A. provider B. delivery man C. collector D. medical doctor 30.Why?does?Peter?have?to?plete?his?trip?within?42hours? A.?He?cannot?stay?away?from?his?job?too?long. B.?The?donor?can?only?wait?for?that?long. C.?The?operation?needs?that?much time. D.?The?ice?won’t?last?any?longer. 31. Which?flight?did?the?woman?put?Peter?on?first? A.?To?London. B.?To? Newark. C.?To?Providence.? ? ??? D.?To?Washington. 【文章大意】本文是一篇記敘文，主要介紹了作者在一次運(yùn)送造血干細(xì)胞途中的一段經(jīng)歷，表現(xiàn)了人們之間的友愛。 29.B 【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)本段內(nèi)容 I’ve done 89 trips和I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box以及第二段內(nèi)容可知作者是運(yùn)送干細(xì)胞的人，也就是delivery man。故選B 。 模擬精做 Passage1（xx南陽市高三質(zhì)量評估） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時間 說明文 不同國家、不同背景下的社會禮儀的不同 382 ★★★☆☆ 7分鐘 It could happen just about any time you step out in public. You get onto an almost-empty bus, but the next passenger in decides to ignore dozens of empty seats to sit right next to you. While you’re waiting in line at a supermarket, the next customer insists on standing only two inches behind you and shouting into his cell-phone. You go into a public restroom, and the next person to enter decides to use the next stall. Transgressions(冒犯) like these don’t just make us feel unfortable; we often feel anxious, alarmed; and violated(被侵犯的 ). it is the attack of the personal-space invaders. In any society, shared definitions of personal space govern how we interact with other people. People living in densely(密集地) populated cities like Mumbai, Beijing, or Mexico City tend to require less personal space than people living in sparsely(稀少地) populated places within the country. In America, New Yorkers often have smaller requirements than residents of western states, like Montana, Shenandoah and Wyoming. Because everyone has different standards, gestures that are innocent in one place can be interpreted as opposite in another, especially in Britain. As the British etiquette(禮儀) website Debrett puts it, as a British person, somebody standing too close may make you ＂ focus less on what somebody is saying than on how close they are to you ＂.Simple acts like putting an arm around someone you don’t know may seem friendly in China, but they can make us very unfortable. People from many European countries such as France and Spain kiss each other on the cheek when they meet, yet to British person, this seems too friendly and＂touch-freely＂. The website explains!? ＂The British are not backslappers(拍人后背的人) and generally do not show affection in public＂. Are British people unfriendly? Far from it. The website adds that they are not as ＂stand-offish and aloof’ as they may seem, but very friendly and helpful to foreigners. However, remember not to be too close. If you are going to e closer than an arm’s length, please let them know. 1.According to the passage, if you were meeting a British for the first time, it would be polite of you to ?? ???????. A. kiss him/her on the cheek B. keep an arm’s length away from him/her C. put an arm around him/her D. slap his/her back 2.According to the passage, who tend to require more personal space? A. People living in Beijing and people living in Mexico City B. People living in Mumbai and people living in Shenandoah C. People living in Wyoming and people living in New York D. People living in Wyoming and people living in Montana 3.The underlined word ＂stand-offish and aloof＂ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to?????????. A. cold and indifferent B. modest and cool C. gentlemanly and kind-hearted D. independent and strong-willed 4.What can we conclude from the article? A. British people like to sit next to other people on empty buses. B. British people usually kiss strangers on the cheek to greet them. C. British people are helpful though they may not appear to be D. British people are delighted to show affection in public. 【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了在不同國家、不同背景下的社會禮儀的不同。 2.D 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的＂In America, New Yorkers often have smaller requirements than residents of western states, like Montana, Shenandoah and Wyoming. ＂可知，生活在人煙稀少的懷俄明州 和蒙大拿州的人需要更多的私人空間，故D項正確。 3.A【解析】詞義猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞后的＂but very friendly and helpful to foreigners＂可知，英國人并不是 像看起來那樣冷漠，而是十分友好，由此可知畫線詞詞義，故A項正確。 4.C 【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的＂The website adds that they are not as ‘stand-offish and aloof’ as they may seem, but very friendly and helpful to foreigners.＂可知，盡管英國人看起來冷漠，但其實是十分 友好的，故C項正確。 Passage2（xx吉林市第一中學(xué)高三模考） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 建議時間 說明文 文化差異 345 ★★★☆☆ 7分鐘 You get on an almost-empty bus, but the next passenger decides to ignore all the empty seats to sit right next to you. While you are waiting in line at the supermarket, the next customer stands just behind you shouting into his phone. These are attacks of the personal space invaders(侵略者). Though preferences for personal space differ from culture to culture, we Britons do love our independence and personal space. As the British customs website Debrett has said, as a British person, somebody standing too close may make you ＂focus less on what somebody is saying than on how close they are to you＂. Simple acts like putting an arm around someone you don’t know that well may seem friendly in China, but they can make us very unfortable. The ediplomat website explains: ＂The British are not back slappers (拍打者) or touchers and generally do not show affection (喜歡) in public.＂ Being a British person around people from other countries can therefore be full of problems. People from many European countries such as France and Spain kiss each other on the cheek when they meet, yet to us this seems too friendly and ＂touchy-feely＂. Simple matters like how close others stand can be problems to Britons who want to keep their own personal space. Giving advice on how to behave around a British person, Debrett’s says that ＂if you can feel the warmth of their worried breath upon your face, then you’re standing too close＂. So, are British people unfriendly? No. The ediplomat website explains that we are not as ＂indifferent＂ as we may seem, but ＂very friendly and helpful to foreigners＂. However, we do have different ideas about our own space to many people from other countries. Just let us know if you’re going to e any closer than arm’s length, and you’ll be fine! 5. What is the article mainly about? A.How to make friends with British people. B.Some tips on British table manners. C.Ways in which British people show affection. D.British people’s preference for personal space. 6. If you were meeting a British person for the first time, it would be polite of you to ______, according to the article. A.kiss him/her on the cheek B.put an arm around him/her C.keep an arm’s length away from him/her D.slap his/her back or shake his/her hands 7.The underlined word ＂indifferent＂ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ＂_________＂. A.cold B.modest C.gentlemanlike D.independent 8.What can we conclude from the article? A.British people like to sit next to others on empty buses. B.British people are helpful, although they may not appear to be. C.British people do not like staying with other Europeans. D.British people are happy to show affection in public. 2.C【解析】考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句＂Just let us know if you’re going to e any closer than arm’s length, and you’ll be fine!＂可知，如果你第一次見一個英國人，離他們一臂的距離遠(yuǎn)將會是禮貌的。 3.A【解析】考查詞義猜測。根據(jù)畫線句下文可知，英國人對外國人是很友好并熱心的，由句中的but推斷 畫線句句意是：ediplomat網(wǎng)站解釋說英國人不是他們看上去的那樣冷漠，而是友好并樂于助人的。 因此推斷畫線詞indifferent意思是：冷漠的。故選A。 4.B【解析】考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段第三句＂The ediplomat website explains that we are not as ＂indifferent＂ as we may seem, but’very friendly and helpful to foreigners’.＂可知，根據(jù)這篇文章，英 國人不像看上去那么冷漠，他們是很友好并樂于助人的。故選B。 Passage 3（xx北京市海淀區(qū)高三上學(xué)期統(tǒng)一考試） 體裁 話題 詞數(shù) 難度 正確率 說明文 科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)距今37億年前的化石 420 ★★★★☆ Old Fossils Scientists have found what they think i