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閱讀理解 說明文 A. 【2018年全國(guó)卷Ⅰ】We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(裝置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things. To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop puters, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007. As we accumulated more devices, however, we didnt throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitts team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. So whats the solution（解決方案）? The teams data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop puters could cut energy consumption by 44%. 1. What does the author think of new devices? A. They are environment-friendly. B. They are no better than the old. C. They cost more to use at home. D. They go out of style quickly. 2. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research? A. To reduce the cost of minerals. B. To test the life cycle of a product. C. To update consumers on new technology. D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices. 3. Which of the following uses the least energy? A. The box-set TV. B. The tablet. C. The LCD TV. D. The desktop puter. 4. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices? A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart. C. Upgrade them. D. Recycle them. 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A 【解析】本文是一篇科普說明文。文章講述了新舊電子設(shè)備的差別，舊電子設(shè)備耗能高，不環(huán)保。所以作者主張使用新電子設(shè)備。 1.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.可知，使用舊的電子設(shè)備對(duì)環(huán)境和我們的錢包都是壞消息。這些過時(shí)的設(shè)備做相同的事情要消耗比新設(shè)備更多的能量。由此推知作者認(rèn)為新電子設(shè)備環(huán)保、節(jié)能。故選A。 2. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life 可知，Babbitt’s team研究的目的是弄清楚這些設(shè)備用了多少電。故選D。 3. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop puters could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板電腦是耗能最少的電子設(shè)備，可以降低44%的耗能。故選B。 4. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章的整體內(nèi)容可知，因?yàn)榕f的電子設(shè)備耗能高，不環(huán)保。所以作者建議停止使用舊的電子設(shè)備。故選A。 B 【2018年天津卷】There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to e into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stopping there. Food production With a 3D printer, a cook can print plicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same”, freeing cooks to plete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table. Sustainability(可持續(xù)性） The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is being a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解膠體) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻類) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹飪?cè)?. 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock "food" that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements. Nutrition Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.” Challenges Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overe. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊狀物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very plex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants. 5. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production? A. It helps cooks to create new dishes. B. It saves time and effort in cooking. C. It improves the cooking conditions. D. It contributes to restaurant decorations. 6. What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3? A. It solves food shortages easily. B. It quickens the transportation of food. C. It needs no space for the storage of food. D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food. 7. According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food ________. A. is more available to consumers B. can meet individual nutritional needs C. is tastier than food in supermarkets D. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials 8. What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely? A. The printing process is plicated. B. 3D food printers are too expensive. C. Food materials have to be dry. D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing. 9. What could be the best title of the passage? A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology B. A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing C. The Challenges for 3D Food Production D. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table 【答案】5. B 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. A 【解析】本文是一篇科普類短文閱讀。文章主要介紹了3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用取得了進(jìn)展，但目前仍面臨著許多方面的挑戰(zhàn)。 5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章Food production中敘述了沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人可以用3D打印機(jī)做出復(fù)雜的巧克力雕塑和美麗的婚禮蛋糕，以及餐廳能夠用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜點(diǎn)，從而可以推斷出3D打印的優(yōu)勢(shì)是節(jié)省了做飯的時(shí)間和精力。故選B。 6.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解膠體) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻類) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹飪?cè)?.可知，3D打印機(jī)可以使用可再生材料作為食物來源。故選D。 7.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins.（食品打印可以讓消費(fèi)者打印定制營(yíng)養(yǎng)的食物），從而可以推斷出3D打印出來的食物可以滿足個(gè)人營(yíng)養(yǎng)需求。故選B。 8.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.可知，阻止3D打印食物進(jìn)一步廣泛使用的原因是原料必須是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能應(yīng)用于3D打印因?yàn)楹苋菀讐?。故選C。 9.主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用取得了進(jìn)展，但目前仍面臨著許多方面的挑戰(zhàn)。所以用標(biāo)題3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故選A。 A 【2018年秋四川省棠湖中學(xué)高三期末】Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to munications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000. Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives. But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never fortable. Necessities like food and wood were very expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had e. Today, people still e and go — to see where the Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762. 10. What attracted the early settlers to New York City? A. Its business culture. B. Its small population. C. Its geographical position. D. Its favorable climate. 11. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson? A. Two-thirds of them stayed there. B. One out of five people got rich. C. Almost everyone gave up. D. Half of them died. 12. What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson? A. They found the city too crowded. B. They wanted to try their luck elsewhere. C. They were unable to stand the winter. D. They were short of food. 13. What is the text mainly about? A. The rise and fall of a city. B. The gold rush in Canada. C. Journeys into the wilderness. D. Tourism in Dawson. 【答案】10. C 11. B 12. B 13. A 【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了Dawson這座城市的發(fā)展原因、過程與現(xiàn)狀。 10.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to munications and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.可知，人們選擇在河邊或港口設(shè)城是因?yàn)榻煌ǚ奖?，便于做生意。而紐約就是在哈德森河口附近的一個(gè)大港口，故紐約吸引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置，故C正確。 11.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.可知，在最初挖黃金的兩萬人中有4000人變富有，所以是五分之一的人變富了，故B正確。 12.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had e.可知，人們離開Dawson的主要原因是聽說在Alaska發(fā)現(xiàn)了黃金，也就是他們要去別的地方尋找發(fā)財(cái)?shù)臋C(jī)會(huì)。故B正確。 13.主旨大意題。第一段簡(jiǎn)要介紹城市發(fā)展的原因，引出Dawson這一城市的興起，第二段介紹了該城市興起的原因，第三段介紹人們選擇離開該城市的原因及現(xiàn)在的狀況，所以全文圍繞Dawson這個(gè)城市的發(fā)展起伏。故A正確。 B 【2018屆豫南九校高三下學(xué)期第一次聯(lián)考】Many of us have reached in our pockets, feeling a vibration （振動(dòng)）, wrongly believing our mobile phones have just rung. The phenomenon even has a name: phantom vibration syndrome—and found it is surprisingly mon. Now scientists believe that we are so alert（警覺） for phone calls and messages we are misinterpreting slight muscle spasms （痙攣） as proof of a call. Robert Rosenberger, an assistant professor at the Georgia Tech Institute of Technology has studied the delusional calls. He said sufferers describe a vague tingling feeling which they think is their mobile phone indicating it has received a text message or call while on ‘silent’. But when the device is retrieved, there was no one on the other end. Dr. Rosenberger said “I find so many people say, ‘This happens to me, but I thought I was the only one. I thought I was odd. ”It seems that the syndrome particularly affects people at the beck and call of mobile phones or pagers. A 2010 study by Michael Rothberg and colleagues found that nearly 70 per cent of doctors at a hospital in Massachusetts suffered phantom vibrations. A more recent study of US college students found the figure was as high as 90 per cent. While the odd feeling is widespread, it does not seem to be considered a grave problem. Dr. Rosenberger said: “its not actually a syndrome in a technical sense. Thats just the name thats got stuck to it.” He added: “Only 2 per cent of people consider it a problem.” While widespread, the scientific munity has not yet invested much effort in getting to the bottom of why we suffer phantom calls. Dr. Rosenberger said: “People are guessing it has something to do with nervous energy. The cognitive（認(rèn)知的） scientists are talking about brain chemistry, cognitive pathways changing. But its not like they have brain scans to go on.” He said: “We have a phone call in our pocket all the time and it bees sort of an extension of ourselves. We have this sort of readiness to experience a call. We feel something and we think, OK, that could be a call.” 14. Why do some people mistake slight muscle spasms for a call? A. They all have a vivid imagination. B. They are sensitive to calls and messages. C. There are few calls and messages in their life. D. Slight muscle spasms affect them more than other people 15. Which of the following are more likely to have phantom vibration syndrome than others? A. Doctors. B. University professors. C. College students. D. The cognitive scientists. 16. In Dr. Rosenbergers opinion, phantom vibration syndrome ___. A. isnt a kind of disease actually B. is considered a problem by most people C. is a serious problem ignored by people D. has something to do with brain chemistry 17. What does the text mainly talk about? A. Most people have phantom vibration syndrome. B. How to keep away from phantom vibration syndrome. C. How to reduce phantom phone vibrations. D. People care too much about phantom phone vibrations 【答案】14. B 15. C 16. A 17. A 【解析】這是一篇社會(huì)生活類說明文。文章介紹了一種非常普遍的病癥—振動(dòng)幻聽綜合癥。 14. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段中的“Now scientists believe that we are so alert（警覺） for phone calls and messages we are misinterpreting slight muscle spasms （痙攣） as proof of a call”可知，科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為我們對(duì)手機(jī)電話和短信如此警覺以至于我們會(huì)把輕微的肌肉痙攣誤認(rèn)為是電話。故結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，B選項(xiàng)正確。 15. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段中的“A 2010 study by Michael Rothberg and colleagues found that nearly 70 per cent of doctors at a hospital in Massachusetts suffered phantom vibrations. A more recent study of US college students found the figure was as high as 90 per cent”可知，90%的大學(xué)生患有振動(dòng)幻聽綜合癥。故C選項(xiàng)正確。 16. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第四段中的“its not actually a syndrome in a technical sense”可知，Dr. Rosenberger認(rèn)為，從專業(yè)角度來說，這并不是一種綜合癥。也就是說，他認(rèn)為這并不是一種病。故A選項(xiàng)正確。 17. 主旨大意題。第一段是文章中心段。該段主要介紹了振動(dòng)幻聽綜合癥是一種非常普遍的現(xiàn)象。大部分人都患有振動(dòng)幻聽綜合癥。下文簡(jiǎn)單分析了這種現(xiàn)象的原因以及科學(xué)家們對(duì)此的看法。故結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，A選項(xiàng)正確。 C 【2018屆湖北省孝感高級(jí)中學(xué)高三9月摸底考試】 It was reported last week that developers could take photos from Apple mobile and Google Android devices without the phone owners knowing that the images were being taken. In Apple’s case, developers can also obtain the location information for each photo. Senator(參議員) Charles Schumer said in a telephone interview that his office had spoken with officials at both Apple and Google on Monday. “We asked them if they could find a way on their own to prevent Apple from having access to private information,” Mr. Schumer said. “They were friendly and open to the idea that this ought to be changed.” On Sunday, Mr. Schumer said that he planned to send a letter to the Federal Trade mission asking the agency to investigate Apple and Google after the privacy concerns came to light. Claudia Bourne Farrell, an F.T.C. spokeswoman, said the agency had received the letter but she could not ment further. “It worries people to think that one’s personal photos, address book, and who knows what else can be obtained and even posted online without permission,” Mr. Schumer wrote in his letter to the F.T.C. “If the technology exists to open the door to this kind of privacy invasion, then surely technology exists to close it, and that’s exactly what must happen.” Mr. Schumer said if Apple and Google could not e to an agreement to fix the problem, then he would be forced to take the issue further. He said other panies had been willing to work with his office to fix issues. “I’m optimistic that we can get this changed without any regulation,” he said. “If it’s not changed, then we’ll turn to the F.T.C., and if that doesn’t work then we’ll consider legislative approach.” The F.T.C. has warned panies to try to be more vigilant (警醒的) in their efforts to protect consumers when it es to privacy. 18. The senator’s office spoke with officials at both Apple and Google___________. A. to urge them not to invade consumers’ privacy B. to discuss whether it is illegal to have access to private information C. to stop them from developing the technology of taking photos D. to keep them from obtaining the location information for each photo 19. Which of the following statements is true? A. Privacy invasion from Apple has existed for a long time. B. Mr. Schumer takes the privacy concerns caused by Apple and Google seriously. C. Privacy invasion from Google has existed for a long time. D. Apple and Google have decided to make a change. 20. Mr. Schumer’s letter to the F.T C. mainly shows that the technology to open the door to privacy invasion_____. A. causes privacy invasion to happen frequently B. can be used if permitted C. causes people to worry about the safety of their personal information D. causes personal information to be posted online without permission 21. If the privacy concerns can’t be solved with the help of the F.T C., ___________. A. The senators will force the panies not to invade privacy B. The panies will be closed C. The panies will be fined D. The senators will turn to legislation 【答案】18. A 19. B 20. C 21. D 【解析】本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道類說明文。文章介紹了Apple and Google開發(fā)了一種軟件, 不經(jīng)過對(duì)方的允許就能拍照，還可以傳到網(wǎng)上。并且能知道照片的具體信息。這是對(duì)個(gè)人隱私的侵害。 18. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段中的We asked them if they could find a way on their own to prevent Apple from having access to private information（此處的privacy和private information同義。）句意：我們（參議員們）問他們，他們是否能獨(dú)立找到阻止蘋果公司進(jìn)入個(gè)人信息空間的方法。及第六段“If it’s not changed, then we’ll turn to the F.T.C., and if that doesn’t work then we’ll consider legislative approach.”句意：如果蘋果和谷歌不能達(dá)成協(xié)議來解決這個(gè)問題，然后他將被迫采取進(jìn)一步的問題。綜合以上內(nèi)容可知是敦促他們不要侵犯?jìng)€(gè)人的隱私權(quán)，故選A。 19. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章中的he said. “If it’s not changed, then we’ll turn to the F.T.C., and if that doesn’t work then we’ll consider legislative approach.”可知，Mr. Schume說，如果不改變，我們就向聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易協(xié)會(huì)求助，如果那不起作用，我們將考慮法律手段。這說明他對(duì)Apple and Google侵犯?jìng)€(gè)人隱私這個(gè)問題是認(rèn)真的。故選B。根據(jù)文章第一段中的It was reported last week that developers could take photos from Apple mobile and Google Android devices without the phone owners knowing that the images were being taken.可知，這事是上周報(bào)道的，時(shí)間不長(zhǎng)。所以A和C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。文章沒有提到它們已經(jīng)決定改變。故D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。 20. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段中的“It worries people to think that one’s personal photos, address book, and who knows what else can be obtained and even posted online without permission,” Mr. Schumer wrote in his letter to the F.T.C.可知，個(gè)人的相片、地址等（這些屬于個(gè)人隱私）可能被獲得，甚至沒有經(jīng)過許可就被傳到網(wǎng)上，這令人們很擔(dān)心。由此可推斷出人們擔(dān)心個(gè)人信息的安全問題，此處采用的是同義句表達(dá)的方法。選C。 21. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段中的he said. “If it’s not changed, then we’ll turn to the F.T.C., and if that doesn’t work then we’ll consider legislative approach.”可知，Mr. Schume說，如果不改變，我們就向聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易協(xié)會(huì)求助，如果那不起作用，我們將考慮法律手段。從中可推斷出如果不解決，就考慮求助于法律。由此可推斷出D符