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Module 4 Music Born in America,基礎(chǔ)自主回顧,Ⅰ.課標(biāo)單詞 1．__________(n.)方法；步驟 2．__________(n.)衰退；下降；減少 3．__________(v.)觸動(dòng)；感動(dòng)；使動(dòng)心 4．__________(v.)(由……)引起(產(chǎn)生) 5．__________(v.)繁榮；興起；迅速發(fā)展 6．__________(n.)融洽；一致,approach,decline,touch,arise,boom,harmony,7．__________(v.)制定預(yù)算，按預(yù)算來安排開支 8．__________(n.)計(jì)劃表，進(jìn)度表，日程表 9．__________(v.)離開，辭去 10．__________(n.)抗議 11．__________(n.)技巧；手法→__________(adj.)技術(shù)的,budget,schedule,quit,protest,technique,technical,12．__________(v.)出現(xiàn)→__________(n.)出現(xiàn)；顯現(xiàn)→__________(n.)緊急情況；危急形勢 13．__________(v.)為……付出時(shí)間/努力/金錢等→__________(n.)獻(xiàn)身；摯愛→__________(adj.)忠實(shí)的；摯愛的 14．__________(n.)移民→__________(v.)遷移；遷徙→__________(n.)移居；遷移；遷徙 15．__________(adj.)幽默的→__________(n.)幽默,emerge,emergence,emergency,devote,devotion,devoted,migrant,migrate,migration,humorous,humor,Ⅱ.常用短語 1．____________厭煩 2．____________由……組成 3．____________利用 4．____________出版 5．____________對……專一，專注 6．____________有幸,be bored with,consist of,take advantage of,come out,be devoted to,be blessed with,7．____________乞求，請求 8．____________并排；并肩 9．____________而不是 10．____________嘗試 11．____________遠(yuǎn)非；完全不 12．____________有序地 13．________________________給某人留下印象,beg for,side by side,rather than,try out,far from,in order,make an impression on sb.,Ⅲ.重點(diǎn)句型 1．“________I heard it，”he said，“I knew it was a completely new kind of music.” “我一聽，”他說，“就知道這是一種全新的音樂?！?答案：The moment 2．Songs that are spoken ________ sung are called rap. 采用近乎念白方式而不是唱的歌曲被叫做繞舌歌。 答案：rather than,3．________attracting huge audiences in its Hong Kong home, Cantopop has spread offshore, and its stars are known in Beijing, London and New York. 粵語流行音樂不僅僅吸引了香港本地的大量聽眾，而且傳到海外的其他國家，香港的歌星在北京、倫敦和紐約都很有名。 答案：As well as,4．“My message is that ________ if you're black, white, fat, thin, old and young—we're all the same, it's a great world and you can do something with your life.” “我想告訴大家的是不管你是黑人還是白人，肥胖還是瘦小，年長還是年幼，這些都不重要——我們都是一樣的，這是一個(gè)美妙的世界，你可以在有生之年做些事情?！?答案：it doesn't matter,1. Don't be afraid of asking for help ________ it is needed. A. unless B. since C. although D. when 答案：D,2. ________ the day went on, the weather got worse. A. With B. Since C. While D. As 答案：D 3. She hurriedly left the room as if ________. A. she angry B. was angry C. it was angry D. angry 答案：D,4. ________，I will help you with your work. A. If I am possible B. If it possible C. If possible D. Possible 答案：C 5. Who can you turn to in time of danger, if not ________？ A. ourselves B. ours C. we D. us 答案：D,考點(diǎn)探究解密 考 點(diǎn) 解 讀,1．decline v．&.n.衰退，下降，減少；謝絕，拒絕 精講拓展： ①fall into (a) decline開始衰退 ②be in decline處于下降，衰退中 ③on the decline在衰退(減少) ④decline by下降了…… ⑤decline to do sth.拒絕干某事,誤區(qū)警示：(1)表示“增加”的動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語常見的有：rise，increase，go up 表示“減少”的動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語常見的有：fall，drop，decrease，go down，decline (2)表示“增加”或“減少”的幅度常用介詞by；表示“增加到”或“減少到”常用介詞to。,朗文在線： ①The activities of Welsh mines went into decline after about 1880. 約從1880年后，威爾士煤礦的開采活動(dòng)開始減少。 ②In regions such as New England textile industries had declined and unemployment was high. 新英格蘭等地區(qū)的紡織工業(yè)已經(jīng)衰退，失業(yè)率很高。,詞語辨析：decline，refuse和reject ①decline作“拒絕”之意時(shí)，常指有禮貌地回絕，婉言謝絕，其主語只能是人。 ②refuse語氣比decline重，主語可以是人也可以是物。 ③reject語氣比refuse更重，意為“拋棄，拒收，不采納”。 命題方向：decline一詞有可能以詞語辨析的形式出現(xiàn)在高考單項(xiàng)填空或完形填空中。另外該詞與介詞in，into，on等的搭配也應(yīng)引起重視。,活學(xué)巧練：完成句子 (1)The city __________ __________ __________ __________ after the mine closed. 這個(gè)城市在礦井關(guān)閉后開始衰退。 答案：(1)fell into a decline,(2)The number of tourists to the island __________ __________ 10% last year. 去年到這個(gè)海島旅游的人數(shù)減少了10%。 答案：declined by (3)I offered to give them a lift，but they __________. 我主動(dòng)邀請他們搭車，但他們婉言謝絕了。 答案：declined,(4)(2009·黑龍江哈師大附中模擬)She ________ to have lunch with her friend, saying that she wasn't feeling well. A. declined B. resigned C. tended D. approved 答案與解析：A 考查動(dòng)詞辨析。句意：她以感覺不舒服為借口謝絕和朋友共進(jìn)午餐。decline謝絕，拒絕；resign辭職；tend易于，往往會(huì)；approve贊成，同意。,2．devote v．為……付出時(shí)間/努力/金錢等 精講拓展： ①devote one's life/time/energy/oneself to.把生命/時(shí)間/精力/一生獻(xiàn)給…… ②devoted adj.熱愛的；忠誠的 ③be devoted to對……專一，專注于 ④devotion n．熱愛，專心,誤區(qū)警示：devote.to.和be devoted to.句型中，to是介詞，后面須接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞，不能接動(dòng)詞原形。 Marx devoted all his life to his revolutionary cause. 馬克思一生致力于革命事業(yè)。 She has devoted herself to helping the poor. 她把自己的全部身心都傾注在幫助窮人上。,朗文在線： ①He has devoted his life to helping blind people. 他為幫助盲人而獻(xiàn)出一生。 ②He devoted his life to promoting world peace. 他一生致力于促進(jìn)世界和平。 ③He was at one time so devoted to playing the piano. 他曾經(jīng)那么沉迷于彈鋼琴。,④Most of our meetings were devoted to discussing the housing problem. 我們的大部分會(huì)議都用來討論住房問題。 命題方向：devote構(gòu)成的句型devote oneself/one's life/one' time/one's energy to sth./doing sth.的用法，與介詞to的搭配，特別是to后必須接代詞、名詞或動(dòng)名詞而不接動(dòng)詞原形的用法，是高考命題的重點(diǎn)。,活學(xué)巧練：介/副詞填空 (1)He devoted all his time __________ being a teacher. (2)We were deeply impressed by his devotion __________ his career.,to,to,(3)Her son, to whom she was so ________，went abroad ten years ago. A. loved B. cared C. devoted D. affected 答案與解析：C be devoted to sb.＝love sb.，devoted可用作表語和定語，表示“疼愛的，忠實(shí)的，喜歡的”，又如a devoted friend忠實(shí)的朋友，本句中介詞to已移至引導(dǎo)詞whom前。,3．a(chǎn)rise vi. (1)出現(xiàn)，發(fā)生，產(chǎn)生；(2)(由……)引起，(因……)產(chǎn)生；(3)起床，起立，起身；(4)群起反對，奮起斗爭 詞語辨析：arise，rise與raise ①arise多用于抽象意思，因而其主語多為抽象名詞，(problem，difficulty，loss等)或無形物(smoke，wind，mist)等。短語arise out of/from因某事物產(chǎn)生，造成，引起。,②rise vi.主要意思為：上升，起立；起床，升起；起義等，多用于具體意思，后不能跟賓語，也無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 ③raise vt.主要意思為：提升，提高；舉起；增加；提出；養(yǎng)育，飼養(yǎng)等。 特別提示： arise的過去式，過去分詞分別為arose，arisen。,We keep them informed of any changes as they arise. 如有任何變化，我們隨時(shí)通知他們。 injuries arising out of a road accident 道路交通事故造成的傷害 He arose at dawn. 他黎明就起床了。 The peasants arose against their masters. 農(nóng)民奮起反對奴役他們的人。,活學(xué)巧練： A completely new station will ________ when the examination system comes into existence. A. arise B. rise C. raise D. arouse 答案與解析：A 由句意知“一個(gè)新的火車站會(huì)出現(xiàn)……”，因此選A項(xiàng)。arise“出現(xiàn)”；而B“上升，升起”；raise為及物動(dòng)詞后要加賓語；arouse vt.“喚醒，喚起”，意思不對。,4．fancy n．想象力，幻想；愛好 vt.想象，幻想；想要，喜歡 adj.奇特的，異樣的 精講拓展： Children usually have a lively fancy. ①fancy sth.渴望或希望得到某物 ②fancy that想，以為，想象 ③have a fancy for愛好，迷戀 ④catch/take sb.'s fancy合某人的心意，吸引某人,⑤take a fancy to sb./sth.喜歡上，愛上某人/某物 ⑥fancy oneself(as sth.)自命不凡，自負(fù) 注意：fancy用作動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)用于祈使句，表示驚奇、不相信、震驚等，后接名詞、動(dòng)名詞作賓語。,活學(xué)巧練： (1)My grandfather has a __________(愛好)for chess. (2)I've suddenly ______________(喜歡上)detective stories. (3)I used to __________(想象)what I would look like wearing a long snow－white dress and high－h(huán)eeled shoes. (4)__________(想不到)meeting you here!,fancy,taken a fancy to,fancy,Fancy,5．protest n．&v.聲明，抗議，反對 Loud protests were heard when the decision was announced. 精講拓展： ①protestant n．新教徒 ②protester n．抗議者，反對者 ③protest about/against/at sth.抗議，反對(某事物) ④enter/make a protest about/against sth.對某事物提出抗議,⑤under protest(經(jīng)抗議后)心有不甘地 ⑥protest too much過猶不及,活學(xué)巧練： (1)The minister resigned in_protest_against the decision.(替換)_______________ (2)They are holding a rally to __________抗議)the government's defence policy.,to protest against,protest against,(3)There was a large crowd in the square，__________ against the war. A．protecting B．protesting C．preventing D．defending 答案：B,6．far from遠(yuǎn)非，一點(diǎn)也不；不但不……(反而……) 精講拓展： ①by far……的多(修飾比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)) ②as/so far as一直到……(程度) ③so far迄今為止，到目前為止 ④far frombeing doing sth.,朗文在線： ①I'm far from pleased with your behaviour. 我對你的表現(xiàn)很不滿意。 ②(So)far from taking my advice，he went and did just what I had warned him against. 他不但沒聽從我的勸告，反而干了我警告他不要干的事。,詞語辨析：far away from，faraway與far from ①far away from只表示距離，away可省去。 The school is far(away)from my house. 學(xué)校離我家很遠(yuǎn)。,②faraway為形容詞，用作定語，意為“遙遠(yuǎn)的；恍惚的”。 They live at a faraway place. 他們住在一個(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)的地方。 She began to have a faraway look in her eyes. 她的眼中開始流露出恍惚之情。,③far from除了表示距離的“遠(yuǎn)離”之外，還有“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不，完全不，絕非”之意，后接名詞、動(dòng)名詞或形容詞。 Far from eye，far from heart. 眼不見，心不煩。 Far from reading his letter，she didn't open it. 別說看他的信了，她連信都沒拆開。,命題方向：far from接名詞、動(dòng)名詞或形容詞，表示“遠(yuǎn)非，絕不是”。 His behaviour is far from satisfactory. 他的表現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)達(dá)不到令人滿意的程度。 該用法很可能以詞語辨析的形式出現(xiàn)在高考單項(xiàng)填空或完形填空中。,活學(xué)巧練：完成句子 (1)__________ __________ __________ I can see，you've done nothing wrong. (2)Computers，__________ __________ __________ jobs，can creat employment. 答案：(1)As far as (2)far from doing,7．in order按順序；整齊，井然有序；(機(jī)械等)狀況良好，沒有故障 精講拓展： ①keep.in order使……井然有序 ②put.in order把……整理好 ③out of order雜亂的；(機(jī)械等)出故障 ④order n．順序，整齊；命令；訂單，訂購 ⑤place/make an order(for sth.)訂購……,⑥take sb.'s order讓……點(diǎn)菜 ⑦order v．命令；訂購 ⑧order sb. to do sth.命令某人做某事 ⑨order sb. sth.＝order sth. for sb.為某人訂購 ⑩in order that＝so that為了…… B11in order to do＝so as to do為了做……,誤區(qū)警示： ①in order短語中，order可用不同的形容詞修飾，表示不同意思。 in good order整整齊齊，運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)良好；in bad order亂七八糟，失修。 ②in order to do既用于句首，也用于句末，但so as to do不能用于句首。,朗文在線： ①She arrived early in order to get a good seat. 她早早到場，好找個(gè)好位置。 ②His objection was ruled out of order. 他的反對被裁定為違反規(guī)則。 ③All the procedures must be done in correct order. 一切手續(xù)必須按正確順序辦理。 命題方向：order作名詞和動(dòng)詞的各種用法，以及構(gòu)成的短語和句型。,活學(xué)巧練：句型轉(zhuǎn)換 (1)The car broke down on the highway.→The car was __________ __________ __________ on the highway. (2)He stood on a chair so that he could reach the top shelf.→He stood on a chair __________ __________ __________ reach the top shelf. (3)He ordered that all men(should)fire the guns.→He ordered all men __________ fire the guns. 答案：(1)out of order (2)in order to (3)to,8．take advantage of利用 精講拓展： ①have the advantageof(doing)sth.有……優(yōu)勢 over sb.有超過某人的優(yōu)勢 ②to sb.'s advantage＝to the advantage of sb.對某人有利的或有幫助的 ③advantageous adj.有利的，有益的，有幫助的 ④disadvantage n．不利條件，不利 ⑤disadvantageous adj.不利的,誤區(qū)警示：advantage可作可數(shù)名詞用，表示“有利條件，有利因素”，反義詞為disadvantage。 Just like anything else，the Internet has both advantages and disadvantages. 正如其他任何事物一樣，因特網(wǎng)既有利也有弊。,朗文在線： ①You should take advantage of the fine weather to paint the fence. 你應(yīng)該利用這好天氣給籬笆上油漆。 ②The lawyer's letter said she would hear something to her advantage if she contacted him. 律師的信上說，如果她同他聯(lián)絡(luò)，她會(huì)聽到對她有利的消息。 ③This method has the advantage of saving a lot of fuel. 這個(gè)方法有節(jié)省很多燃料的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。,詞語辨析：advantage，benefit與profit 三者均指“好處”。 ①advantage指“有利條件”，“優(yōu)勢”。 The present world situation is to our advantage. 目前世界局勢對我們有利。(使我們處于有利或占優(yōu)勢的地位，不是特指物質(zhì)方面的好處。),②benefit可兼指物質(zhì)利益或精神方面的好處。 You will derive much benefit from reading good novels. 從讀優(yōu)秀小說中你將獲得很大好處。 This performance was given for the benefit of disabled soldiers. 這場演出是為殘疾軍人舉辦的。,③profit“利潤”，“用處”，指“利潤”時(shí)常用復(fù)數(shù)。 Capitalists are tireless in hunting for super－profits. 資本家總是不倦地追求超額利潤。 There is no profit in such studies. 這種研究毫無用處。 命題方向：advantage常以詞語辨析的形式在單項(xiàng)填空和完形填空中考查；與take/have構(gòu)成的句型也經(jīng)?？疾?。,活學(xué)巧練： (1)She's got the job because she has the advantages __________ others.She knows many languages. (2)The agreement is __________ our advantage.,over,to,9．rather than而不是 精講拓展： ①other than除了 ②more than超過，不僅僅 ③would rather do.than do.與其……不如…… ④no sooner.than.一……就…… ⑤prefer to do.rather than do.寧愿做……而不愿做……,詞語辨析：rather than與more than ①rather than表示“而不是”之意，其前后部分在語法上應(yīng)該是對等的成分。 It is Tom，rather than you，that is to blame. 該受責(zé)備的是湯姆，而不是你。,②more than表示在數(shù)量或意義上超出了某種程度，常譯為“超過，多于；不僅僅，不止是”。 He is more than a father，he's also my good friend. 他不止是父親，還是好朋友。 China Daily is more than a newspaper，It can also help us to improve our English. 《中國日報(bào)》不止是一份報(bào)紙，它還能幫助我們提高英語水平。,朗文在線： ①I think I'll have a cold drink rather than coffee. 我想要冷飲，不要咖啡。 ②Why didn't you ask for help，rather than trying to do it on your own? 你干嗎非得自己干，而不請人幫忙？ 命題方向：rather than結(jié)構(gòu)的用法以及與相關(guān)句型意義上的區(qū)別。,活學(xué)巧練：漢譯英 (1)應(yīng)該受到責(zé)備的是父母而不是孩子。 _______________________________________________ (2)我寧愿步行去而不愿坐車去。 _______________________________________________ (3)她喜歡唱歌而不喜歡跳舞。 _______________________________________________,The parents should be blamed rather than the children.,I prefer to go there on foot rather than take a bus.,She enjoys singing rather than dancing.,10．“My message is that it doesn't matter if you're black, white, fat, thin, old and young—we're all the same, it's a great world and you can do something with your life.” “我想告訴大家的是不管你是黑人還是白人，肥胖還是瘦小，年長還是年幼，這些都不重要——我們都是一樣的，這是一個(gè)美妙的世界，你可以在有生之年做些事情?！?精講拓展： ①It doesn't matter (to sb.)＋從句 ……(對某人來說)沒關(guān)系，不要緊 It matters a lot/a great deal＋從句 ……非常重要 It doesn't matter.(口語)沒關(guān)系。,②no matter who/why/what.無論誰/為什么/什么…… as a matter of fact實(shí)際上，事實(shí)上 What's the matter？(口語)怎么了？有什么麻煩？ 朗文在線： ①I don't care what it looks—what matters is that it works well. 我不在乎它好看不好看——要緊的是它要好用。,②It matters a lot to her what other people think of her. 其他人怎么看她對她來說極為重要。 ③—I've spilled some coffee on the carpet. 我灑了些咖啡在地毯上。 —It doesn't matter. 沒關(guān)系。,活學(xué)巧練： —Oh, sorry, Jane. I took your dictionary by mistake. —________. A. That's right B. It doesn't matter C. You're welcome D. Never think about it 答案與解析：B 句意：——對不起，簡。我誤拿了你的字典?！獩]關(guān)系。,11．Do you think listening to music helps you to study? 你認(rèn)為聽音樂有助于你的學(xué)習(xí)嗎？ listening to music是動(dòng)名詞作主語。 Seeing is believing.眼見為實(shí)。 Missing the bus means waiting for one more hour. 錯(cuò)過這班車意味著還要等一小時(shí)。,精講拓展： 動(dòng)名詞作主語也可以用it作形式主語，常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中 (1)It isno use/no good useless/senseless fun/enjoyable/tiring nice/expensive/ dangerous/a bore/a waste of time/a good pleasure＋v.－ing It is no use talking like this.,像這樣談話沒有用。 It is no good wasting time. 浪費(fèi)時(shí)間是沒有好處的。 (2)There is no saying/telling.＝It is impossible to do. There is no saying what may happen. 說不準(zhǔn)將會(huì)發(fā)生什么事。,誤區(qū)警示： 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)一般由形容詞性的物主代詞或名詞所有格＋動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成，在句中可作主語、賓語和表語。如果不在句首，這種結(jié)構(gòu)在口語中可用：代詞賓格(或名詞普通格)＋動(dòng)名詞。,活學(xué)巧練： (1)What worried me most was ________ to go abroad alone. A. my not allowing B. having no allowed C. my being not allowed D. my not being allowed,答案與解析：D 句意：最讓我擔(dān)心的是我不會(huì)被允許單獨(dú)出國。動(dòng)名詞作表語，根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)用其復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)one's doing并用其被動(dòng)式，而且是否定式的被動(dòng)式即one's not being done。,(2)It's no ________ arguing with Bill because he will never change his mind. A. use B. help C. time D. way 答案與解析：A 此題考查固定句式，It's no use doing sth.干……是沒用的。,12．時(shí)間狀語從句 在句子中起時(shí)間狀語作用的句子稱為時(shí)間狀語從句，可放在句首、句中和句尾。 (1)表示“一……就……”引導(dǎo)詞的用法 英語中表達(dá)“一……就……”的時(shí)間狀語有多種形式，常見的有如下幾種： ①as soon as As soon as he heard the news，he jumped with joy. 他一聽到這消息，就高興得跳了起來。,②immediately I'll give you an answer immediately I've finished reading your file. 我一看完你的檔案就給你答復(fù)。 ③directly Directly you feel any pains，you must go to the doctor. 你一感覺不適就得看醫(yī)生。,④instantly Please give me a phone call instantly you arrive. 你一到就給我打電話。 ⑤no sooner.than. No sooner had I begun to talk than he rang off.→I had no sooner begun to talk than he rang off. 我?guī)缀跷磥淼眉爸v話，他就掛斷了電話。,⑥hardly.when. Hardly had I told him my name when he stopped listening.→I had hardly told him my name when he stopped listening. 我?guī)缀鯖]來得及告訴他我的名字，他就不聽了。,(2)名詞短語引導(dǎo)狀語從句 表示時(shí)間的名詞短語有時(shí)也可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。常用的這類名詞短語有：the time，the moment，the minute，the day，the year，the first time，the second time，by the time，each time，every time，next time，any time。這些短語含有“每次、每天、每時(shí)”之意，引導(dǎo)狀語從句時(shí)，習(xí)慣上不在這些名詞后加when。,The day he returned home，his father was already dead. 他到家的那天，他父親已經(jīng)去世了。 Every time I see him，he is working hard. 我每次見到他，他都在拼命地工作。 He was much better the last time I saw him. 上次我見到他時(shí)，他好多了。 By the time he was taken to the hospital，he was nearly dead. 他被送往醫(yī)院時(shí)，就幾乎要死了。,(3)when，while，as和whenever的用法 when，while，as都可用來引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，意為“在……時(shí)候”。但在具體用法上又不盡相同。 ①when用得最廣，常可代替while與as。when所引導(dǎo)的從句，動(dòng)詞既可是延續(xù)性的，也可是終止性的。as在這一點(diǎn)上與when相同，while所引導(dǎo)的從句中，動(dòng)詞只能是延續(xù)性的。,When the fire broke out，all the students were sleeping soundly. 當(dāng)火災(zāi)發(fā)生時(shí)，所有的學(xué)生正在熟睡。 The telephone rang while I was taking a bath. 我在洗澡時(shí)電話響了。,②while引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生且從句中謂語動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性的。 While I played the harp，my sister did her homework. 我在彈豎琴，姐姐在做功課。 ③表述兩個(gè)發(fā)展變化中的情況時(shí)常用as。 As he talked on，he got more and more excited. 他越談就越激動(dòng)。 As you grow older，you'll know better and better about yourself. 隨著你年齡增長，你會(huì)越來越了解自己。,④表示“一邊……一邊……”時(shí)，常用as。 As he was reading，he was shaking his head，which surely slowed down his reading speed. 他邊讀書邊搖著頭，這當(dāng)然降低了他的閱讀速度。 They talked as they walked along the river. 他們沿著河邊走邊談。,⑤表示隨著短暫動(dòng)作的發(fā)生，另一行為伴隨發(fā)生時(shí)，常用as。 My cap was blown away as I sat down. 我往下坐時(shí)帽子被吹走了。 ⑥whenever表示“無論何時(shí)”，語氣要比when強(qiáng)得多。 Whenever we see him we speak to him. 我們每次見到他都和他說話。,(4)till和until ①主句謂語動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主句和從句都用肯定句式，意為“一直到”，表示主句動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到until/till從句表示的時(shí)間才終止；主句謂語動(dòng)詞為短暫性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主句用否定式，從句用肯定式，意思是“直到……才……”，表示主句動(dòng)作到until/till從句表示的時(shí)間才開始。,He studied until/till it was 900. 他一直學(xué)到九點(diǎn)。 He didn't study until/till it was 900. 他到九點(diǎn)才學(xué)習(xí)。 Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽車停穩(wěn)后再下車。,②until和till意義相同，通常可換用，但在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、倒裝句或句首時(shí)，一般用until。 She didn't go to bed until/till her mother returned. ＝It was not until her mother returned that she went to bed. ＝Not until her mother returned did she go to bed. 她直到媽媽回來才上床睡覺。,(5)since和before ①since從句中的動(dòng)詞性質(zhì)不同，其起算時(shí)間也不同。since＋瞬間動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)，從該動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)算起；since＋延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)，從該動(dòng)作結(jié)束時(shí)算起。 He has worked very hard since he entered the factory. 從入廠以來，他工作一直非常努力。(enter為瞬間性動(dòng)詞),We haven't seen each other since I worked in the factory.＝We haven't seen each other since I stopped working in the factory. 從我不在工廠以來，我們從沒見過面。(work為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞) since常用于It's＋some time＋since sb. did sth.結(jié)構(gòu)中。試比較： It's two years since he joined the army. 他參軍有兩年了。 It's two years since he was a soldier. 他退役有兩年了。,②before除了在“before和after”部分所講的用法外，也可用于it結(jié)構(gòu)，與since結(jié)構(gòu)相似，注意它們所用時(shí)態(tài)的區(qū)別： It will be＋some time＋before sb.do/does sth.(表將來) It was＋some time＋before sb. did sth.(表過去) He has gone shopping.It'll be half an hour before he comes back. 他去買東西了，要過半小時(shí)才能回來。 It was not long before he returned from abroad. 不久他就從國外回來了。,13．省略句 省略是英語語言中的常見現(xiàn)象。為了避免重復(fù)，或出于修辭上的需要而省略句中的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)成分，這種句子叫做省略句。 (1)簡單句中的省略 ①人稱(有時(shí)包括謂語)的省略。 —How is your mother today? —(She is)much better.,②感嘆句根據(jù)上下文的省略。 How beautiful(it is)! How(hard)they are working! ③名詞所有格后的名詞，如果是表示住宅、店鋪、教堂或上下文已經(jīng)暗示過的事物時(shí)，常省略。 At her mother's(house)she passed many happy days. I'm going to the doctor's(clinic)．,④表示年齡的years old和表示鐘表的o'clock等常省略。 I am thirteen(years old)． It is five(o'clock)now. ⑤介詞的省略。在waste/spend/have trouble/difficulty等跟v.－ing時(shí)，介詞in常省略，在prevent，stop等后的from常省略。 Don't waste time(in)mourning. Ways must be found to stop them(from)polluting our environment.,⑥不定式的省略。保留不定式符號(hào)to，省略動(dòng)詞。 —Are you going to take a course in the summer vacation? —Yes.I have to(take a course)though I don't want to(take a course)．,(2)并列句中的省略 在不影響句意的情況下，并列句中后邊分句與前邊分句相同的詞語都可以省略。 I take some exercise at weekends and so do my colleagues(take some exercise)． She was poor but(she was)honest.,(3)復(fù)合句中的省略 1)主句中的省略。常見于句首或回答問題時(shí)，只用從句。 —Why are you late? —(I'm late)Because my watch doesn't work.,（2）從句中的省略。 ①賓語從句 在賓語從句中常省略引導(dǎo)詞that，但當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞之后跟兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的賓語從句時(shí)，只有第一個(gè)that可以省略。 She said (that) I should spend more time with children and that it was a must if I wanted to be a good parent.,②定語從句 可以省略作賓語的關(guān)系代詞that，which或whom。 Please show me the coat(that)you bought yesterday. ③狀語從句 a．在時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式或讓步狀語從句中，如果主句、從句的主語一致，從句中謂語動(dòng)詞又包含be或主語是it，?？梢园褟木渲兄髡Z和謂語的一部分省略。,When(they were)first introduced to the market，these products enjoyed great success. I'll lend you one if(it is)necessary. b．在由than，as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中，在不造成誤解的前提下，有些成分可省略。 I love you better than he(loves you)． You hate him as much as I(hate him)．,④在think，expect，hope，believe，guess，imagine，be afraid等后，常用so或not代替從句，作簡略的肯定或否定回答。 —Is it going to rain? —I guess so./I hope not.,活學(xué)巧練： (1)—The plane is due to take off at 750 from the airport. —__________ we fail to arrive there in time? A．What if B．As if C．Even if D．Only if 答案：A,(2)—I heard Johnson was badly injured in the accident. —__________，let's go and see him. A．What's more B．If so C．Where possible D．When necessary 答案：B (3)We hadn't been out for long __________ she felt sick. A．when B．while C．a(chǎn)fter D．a(chǎn)s 答案：A,(4)—Did Jack come late last night? —Yes.It was eleven o'clock __________ he arrived home. A．when B．before C．that D．if 答案：A (5)How silly we are to sit around inside __________ it is so lovely outside! A．that B．which C．where D．when 答案：D,(6)—Will you go home tomorrow evening? —No，I'm going to a lecture，or at least，I'm planning __________. A．it B．that C．to D．one 答案：C (7)I went home __________ I had finished work. A．suddenly B．hurriedly C．quickly D．directly 答案：D,(8)It won't be __________ we meet again. A．long after B．long before C．before long D．long ago 答案：B,考 題 演 練,1.(2009·福建卷)According to the literary review, Shakespeare ________ his characters live through their language in his plays. A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes 答案與解析：D 因?yàn)槭恰案鶕?jù)文學(xué)評(píng)論”做出的事情，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來表示動(dòng)作的時(shí)間性。,2．(2009·安徽卷)Just as Professor Scott often ________ it, success is ninety－nine percent mental attitude. A. gets B. makes C. puts D. means 答案與解析：C 句意：就像Scott教授常說的那樣，成功是由99%的心態(tài)決定的。get獲得；make制造；mean打算；意味著，均不合題意。,3．(2009·北京卷)John plays basketball well, ________ his favorite sport is badminton. A. so B. or C. yet D. for 答案與解析：C 句意：約翰藍(lán)球打得很好，然而他最喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)是打羽毛球。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中表示轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞只有yet。,4．(2009·湖南卷)—The food here is nice enough. —My friend ________ me a right place. A. introduces B. introduced C. had introduced D. was introducing 答案與解析：B