怎么考 在語(yǔ)境中考查各種時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。 怎么學(xué) 在平時(shí)的閱讀、寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練中，認(rèn)真體會(huì)動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)形式，不拘泥于語(yǔ)法。 怎么解 1.通過(guò)“時(shí)態(tài)定義”解題；2.通過(guò)“固定結(jié)構(gòu)”解題；3.通過(guò)“語(yǔ)境暗示”解題。,.體驗(yàn)考向 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1.(2015江蘇卷)The real reason why prices _(be)，and still are，too high is complex，and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem. 2.(2015湖南卷)As you go through this book，you _(find)that each of the millions of people who lived through World War had a different experience. 3.(2015北京卷)Dr.Jackson is not in his office at the moment. All right.I _(call)him later.,4.(2015浙江卷)Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child，few people guessed that he _(go)be a famous scientist whose theories would change the world. 5.(2015重慶卷)Is Peter coming? No，he _(change)his mind after a phone call at the last minute. 6.(2015陜西卷)At college，Barack Obama didnt know that he _(become)the first black president of the United States of America. 7.(2015四川卷)More expressways_(build)in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.,答案 1.were句意：價(jià)格過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在仍然過(guò)高的原因是復(fù)雜的，沒(méi)有簡(jiǎn)短的討論可以令人滿意地解釋這個(gè)問(wèn)題。根據(jù)and still are可以推斷出空白處是對(duì)過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的考查。 2.will find句意：在你瀏覽這本書(shū)時(shí)，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)歷二戰(zhàn)的數(shù)百萬(wàn)人的經(jīng)歷各不相同。as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意思是“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候”，在從句中使用的是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，所以主句使用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，即所謂“主將從現(xiàn)”，主句使用一般將來(lái)時(shí)，從句使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。,3.will call句意：Dr.Jackson現(xiàn)在不在他的辦公室里。好的，過(guò)一會(huì)兒我再給他打電話。由句中的later可知此處要用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。 4.was going to句意：愛(ài)因斯坦出生于1879年。小時(shí)候，幾乎沒(méi)有人想到他會(huì)成為一個(gè)其理論將會(huì)改變世界的科學(xué)家。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，此處要用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。 5.changed句意：彼特要來(lái)嗎？不，當(dāng)接到一個(gè)電話后，他最后時(shí)刻改變了主意。句中的after a phone call at the last minute 表明動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，故用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。,6.was to become/would become句意：大學(xué)的時(shí)候，奧巴馬不知道他會(huì)成為美國(guó)的第一位黑人總統(tǒng)。表示“注定成為”要用be to do；主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，所以從句要用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。 7.will be built句意：四川將建設(shè)更多的高速公路以促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì)(發(fā)展)。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)soon可知，此空為將來(lái)時(shí)；主語(yǔ)expressways和動(dòng)詞build之間為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故要用一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)形式。,.語(yǔ)境感悟 用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式完成下列短文，然后朗讀或背誦，體會(huì)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法。 When he was a little boy，Christopher Cockerell once watched his mother turning the wheel of her sewing-machine with her hand. “Wouldnt it work quickly if the machine _1_ (turn) the wheel for you？”he asked. “I suppose it would，”said his mother，without paying any attention to him.,Christopher _2_ (know) she always had a lot of work，and he wanted to help.In his bedroom there was a toy steam-engine which his father _3_ (buy) him as a gift.“I _4_ (make) better use of it，”little Christopher said to himself.So，when his mother _5_ (not use) her sewing-machine，he fixed the toy steam-engine onto it.When the job _6_ (finish)，he was quite pleased，thinking his mother _7_ (like) it.,“Very clever，”his mother said，when she saw it.Then she sat down and went on turning the wheel by hand.“I _8_ (work) like this for too many years，” she explained. This taught Christopher the lesson that anyone who _9_ (try) to improve anything _10_ (have) to learn：Many people dont like new ideas.,答案 1.turned表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。 2.knew一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作。 3.had bought表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 4.will/shall make此處用一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示臨時(shí)的決定或安排。 5.was not using過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。,6.was finished一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 7.would like過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)，相對(duì)于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻而言即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 8.have been working用來(lái)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(還要繼續(xù)下去)的動(dòng)作。 9.tries一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作、客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)等。 10.has同上題。,.正反探究 1.【誤】Hi，Lucy，you look tired.Im really tired.I have painted the living room all day. 【正】Hi，Lucy，you look tired.Im really tired.I have been painting the living room all day. 解析現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)下去。這一點(diǎn)是從時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) all day (整天)看出來(lái)的。,2.【誤】Nancy is not coming tonight.But she has promised! 【正】Nancy is not coming tonight.But she promised! 解析南?！按饝?yīng)要來(lái)”這個(gè)動(dòng)作應(yīng)該發(fā)生在過(guò)去，是過(guò)去作出的承諾，前文已告訴我們“她不來(lái)了”，因此諾言已跟現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有關(guān)系，只是過(guò)去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作。,3.【誤】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and started to take a shower. 【正】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower. 解析從關(guān)鍵信息 I had just finished my work 可以看出是“正要開(kāi)始洗澡”應(yīng)該是將來(lái)時(shí)，was starting 可以表示馬上就要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；而 started 表示“開(kāi)始了”。,4.【誤】 I dont really work here；I just help out until the new secretary arrives. 【正】 I dont really work here；I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives. 解析一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的、經(jīng)常性的行為或狀態(tài)，而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)行的、暫時(shí)性的動(dòng)作。本句是用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式表示將來(lái)時(shí)，此處表示“我”現(xiàn)在只是在臨時(shí)幫忙，是現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。,5.很多的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)正被人們捕殺。 【誤】 Many birds are killed now. 【正】 Many birds are being killed now. 解析現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)要完整，不能遺漏其中的助動(dòng)詞，導(dǎo)致時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤。,.考點(diǎn)確認(rèn) 一、常考各種時(shí)態(tài)的用法 1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) (1)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，通常用usually，often，always，sometimes，every day，once a week等作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 I usually have my hair cut once a month. The students often do their experiments in the lab. (2)表示客觀真理、格言以及不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在。 The earth moves around the sun. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.,(3)表示按時(shí)間表、計(jì)劃、規(guī)定發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 The train leaves at 2：35 this afternoon. (4)將主句是一般將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中代替將來(lái)時(shí)。 You will succeed if you try your best. Even if it rains tomorrow，the football match will take place.,2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) (1)表示說(shuō)話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 Our friends are waiting for us outside now. (2)表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的事情。 She is learning English at college. (3)某些短暫性動(dòng)詞，如come，go，start，open，close，arrive，return，begin，leave等用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。,My father is coming to see me this Saturday. He is leaving for Beijing next week. (4)某些動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)表示慢慢地、漸漸地發(fā)生變化。 Im forgetting English. She is losing her eyesight.,3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (1)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果，常用recently，lately，ever，never，once，before，yet，just等作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 He hasnt heard any news from his son lately. Have you ever been to London? (2)表示開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在而且還有可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。常用so far，up till now，since，for a long time，in the past/last few years，these days等作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。,So far no life has been found outside the earth. He has learned 5，000 English words since he went to college. (3)“This/It isthe序數(shù)詞timethat.”句式中，that后的從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 This is the second time that I have visited the university.,4.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) (1)表示開(kāi)始于過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間、一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在而且會(huì)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的動(dòng)作。 I am very tired.I have been painting the house all the afternoon. (2)表示到目前為止的一段時(shí)間里一直反復(fù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 I have been calling him several times this morning，but there is no answer.,5.一般過(guò)去時(shí) (1)表示在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常用yesterday，last year，in 1995，the other day等作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 It was a terrible piece of work you turned in yesterday. He came to work here two weeks ago. (2)在時(shí)間、條件從句中代替過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。 He said he would not go if it rained.,(3)有些句子，雖然沒(méi)有明確的表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但實(shí)際上指的是過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，也要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有know，think，expect等，表示“本來(lái)認(rèn)為”。 I didnt expect to meet you here. I thought he had heard the news. 6.過(guò)去完成時(shí) (1)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。 By the end of last term，we had learned 2，000 words. He had left before I got home.,(2)hope，expect，think，intend，want，suppose等用于過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖，意為“原本”。 We had expected that you would be able to win the match. (3)“It/This/That wasthe序數(shù)詞timethat.”句式中，that后的從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 It was the third time that he had made the same mistake. (4)“hardly/scarcely.when.”和“no sooner.than.”結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。 Hardly had the game started when it started to rain.,7.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) (1)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或發(fā)生的事情。 She was writing a book about China last year，but I dont know whether she has finished it. (2)表示過(guò)去一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)另一個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。 It was raining as the medical team made its way to the front. He was watching TV in the living room when someone knocked at the door. (3)短暫性動(dòng)詞come，go，leave，arrive，begin等用于過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示按計(jì)劃、安排在過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。,8.一般將來(lái)時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，也表示將來(lái)經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 (1)“shall/will動(dòng)詞原形”表示將來(lái)，往往指客觀上勢(shì)必要發(fā)生的事情或沒(méi)有計(jì)劃，臨時(shí)做出的打算。shall用于第一人稱(chēng)，will用于第二、三人稱(chēng)。 When will you be able to give us a reply? We shall have a lot of rain next month. Where is the telephone book? Ill go and get it for you.,(2)be going to do形式表示將來(lái)，一般指按計(jì)劃、打算要做某事，或有跡象要出現(xiàn)的情況。 I am going to buy a computer this summer. It is going to be fine tomorrow. (3)be to do表示將來(lái)，一般指按計(jì)劃或安排要做某事，或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)和要求必須去做某事。 She is to get married next week. I am to buy some books this afternoon. (4)be about to do表示將來(lái)，多指不久或即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，不強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀，不能與表示具體時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。 The train is about to leave.,9.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間來(lái)看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。這種時(shí)態(tài)通常有個(gè)過(guò)去時(shí)間或動(dòng)作作參照。 He said he would wait for us at the bus stop. She was about to open the door when the telephone rang. Every morning he would climb to the top of the hill in those days.,10.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)由will/shall be doing形式構(gòu)成，表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 Please dont come at ten tomorrow morning.I will be having a meeting. What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?,二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 1.使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況 (1)不知道或沒(méi)有必要知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。 The young man was injured in the car accident. (2)需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)。 Books and newspapers in the reading room mustnt be taken away. (3)為了使語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，避免提及自己或?qū)Ψ綍r(shí)。 Everybody is expected to obey the following rules.,(4)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不是人而是無(wú)生命的事物時(shí)。 The windows were broken by strong wind. (5)有些習(xí)慣用法只以或常以被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式出現(xiàn)。 I am determined to take medicine. 2.沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞 一些表示狀態(tài)及擁有的及物動(dòng)詞，以及have，get，owe，belong to，cost等動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。 This hall can hold 500 people. The house belongs to my uncle. His careless driving cost his life.,