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第7講 情態(tài)動詞和虛擬語氣,考點1 情態(tài)動詞表示推測 【典例】1. (2015·陜西高考)You________feel all the training a waste of time, but I’m a hundred percent sure later you’ll be grateful you did it. A. should B. need C. shall D. may 【解析】選D。句意: 你或許覺得所有的訓(xùn)練都是浪費時間, 但是我有100%的把握你以后會感激自己做過的一切。may(不確定)可能。,2. (2015·重慶高考)You______be Carol. You haven’t changed a bit after all these years. A. must B. can C. will D. shall 【解析】選A。句意: 你一定是卡蘿爾。這么多年你幾乎沒什么變化。根據(jù)語境可知, 此處表示肯定的推測, 故用must“一定”。,3. (2014·大綱版全國卷)Although you________find bargains in London, it’s not generally a cheap place to shop. A. should B. need C. must D. can 【解析】選D。句意: 雖然在倫敦你有時能買到便宜的東西, 但是總體上說倫敦是一個購物很貴的地方。can除了表示“能”, 還可以表示“有時會”, 強調(diào)理論上的客觀可能性。,4. (2013·安徽高考)It________be the vocabulary that caused you the problem in the exercise because you know a lot of words. A. may B. couldn’t C. should D. needn’t 【解析】選B。句意: 根本不可能是詞匯造成了你練習(xí)中的問題, 因為你掌握了許多單詞。根據(jù)句意可知本題考查的是對現(xiàn)在的否定推測, 故選B。,5. (2013·天津高考)No one________be more generous, he has a heart of gold. A. could B. must C. dare D. need 【解析】選A。句意: 沒有人能比他更慷慨大方, 他擁有一顆金子般高尚的心靈。could可能; must必須, 一定(表示非?？隙ǖ牟聹y, 不用于否定句)。,【解題技巧】 1. 掌握情態(tài)動詞表示推測的基本用法。 (1),注意: ①could, should, might不一定和過去時間有關(guān), 而是表示可能性弱于與其相應(yīng)的現(xiàn)在時形式。 ②mustn’t不表示推測, 而表示“禁止, 不允許”。 (2)should/ought to表示“應(yīng)當(dāng), 應(yīng)該(表義務(wù)、責(zé)任)”。 ought to與should意思大體相同, 但ought to語氣比should重, 往往表示從法律或道義上“應(yīng)該”。,2. 確定被猜測時間, 正確判斷動詞時態(tài)形式。 對現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r進行猜測, 用“情態(tài)動詞+do”的形式; 對現(xiàn)在或?qū)碚谶M行的情況進行猜測, 用“情態(tài)動詞+be doing”的形式。例如: He may/might come tomorrow. (將來) He may/might know it. (現(xiàn)在) He may/might be waiting for you now. (現(xiàn)在進行) He may/might be waiting for you when you get there tomorrow. (將來進行),考點2 情態(tài)動詞表示請求、允諾、允許、要求或能力 【典例】1. (2015·浙江高考)It was so noisy that we______hear ourselves speak. A. couldn’t B. shouldn’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t 【解析】選A。句意: (環(huán)境)這么嘈雜, 以至于我們都聽不到自己說話。couldn’t不能, 不會; shouldn’t不應(yīng)該; mustn’t不許, 不可以; needn’t不需要。根據(jù)句意可知A正確。,2. (2014·北京高考)______I have a word with you? It won’t take long. A. Can B. Must C. Shall D. Should 【解析】選A。句意: 我能和你說句話嗎? 不會花費太長時間。此處can相當(dāng)于may, 在疑問句中表示征求對方的同意。,【易錯誤區(qū)】用can, may還是用shall (1)誤導(dǎo)原因: shall也可以用在疑問句中, 表示征求對方的意見。 (2)去偽存真: can/may表示“征求對方的同意”, 意為“行不行, 可以不可以”; shall只表示愿意按對方的指示去做。因此本題應(yīng)選A。,3. (2013·江西高考)When I was a child, I ______ watch TV whenever I wanted to. A. should B. could C. must D. need 【解析】選B。句意: 當(dāng)我是一個孩子的時候, 無論什么時候想看電視都可以。could在此表示“可以”。,【解題技巧】 1. can/could表示禮貌地請求別人做某事或征求意見, 意為“能, 可以”。can在肯定回答could的提問時也可以表示允許或許可。could比can的語氣要委婉禮貌一些。 2. will/would表示請求、建議, 用在問句中時would語氣比較委婉。 3. shall用于一、三人稱之后, 疑問句中, 表示征求對方意見; 用于二、三人稱之后, 陳述句中, 表示給對方以許諾、命令、警告、威脅或在法律、條約、協(xié)定等文件中可以表示義務(wù)、規(guī)定等。,4. can和be able to都可以表示能力。can泛指一般的能力, 而且只有can和could兩種形式; be able to則主要指具體做到了某件事的能力, 即經(jīng)過努力成功地做成了某事, 其形式主要是靠be發(fā)生變化。 5. 在回答有could, might和would的疑問句時, 要用can, may和will。,考點3 情態(tài)動詞的其他含義 【典例】1. (2015·北京高考)—Can’t you stay a little longer? —It’s getting late. I really______go now. My daughter is home alone. A. may B. can C. must D. dare 【解析】選C。句意: ——你不能再多待會兒嗎? ——很晚了, 我現(xiàn)在必須得走了。我女兒一個人在家。must必須, 必然要, 必定會。,2. (2015·四川高考)You______be careful with the camera. It costs! A. must B. may C. can D. will 【解析】選A。根據(jù)下文的It costs可知, 照相機很昂貴, 故選擇A, 意為“你一定要小心使用這臺照相機, 它很昂貴”。,3. (2014·江蘇高考)It was sad to me that they, so poor themselves, ____bring me food. A. might B. would C. should D. could 【解析】選C。句意: 讓我覺得難過的是他們本身就很窮, 竟然還給我?guī)硎澄?。should表示驚訝, 意為“竟然”, 符合句意。,4. (2014·四川高考)I still remember my happy childhood when my mother ________ take me to Disneyland at weekends. A. might B. must C. would D. should 【解析】選C。句意: 我仍然記得我的快樂童年, 那時母親在周末常常帶我去迪斯尼樂園。根據(jù)at weekends可知是過去經(jīng)常性的行為, would表示“過去常?！?。,5. (2014·重慶高考)I’ve ordered some pizza, so we________worry about cooking when we get home tired. A. can’t B. dare not C. needn’t D. may not 【解析】選C。句意: 我已經(jīng)訂了一些比薩餅, 所以當(dāng)我們到家疲憊時就不必?fù)?dān)心做飯的事了。根據(jù)I’ve ordered some pizza可知, 做飯就沒有必要了。,【解題技巧】 掌握情態(tài)動詞的特殊用法: 1. can和could可以表示某人或某物一時的特點, 可以翻譯為“有可能, 有時會”。 It can be very warm in this area. 2. cannot/can’t與too/enough等詞連用, 意思是“越……越……”“無論怎樣……也不為過”“決不會……夠(過)”。 You can’t praise him too much.,3. must有一種含義: “偏要”“硬要”。表示說話人對句子主語所發(fā)出的動作或行為是不希望的、不滿的甚至是生氣的。通常指令人不愉快的事情。must用于第二人稱時, 常常含有諷刺挖苦的意思。 Why must you be so late? 4. will表示意愿或固執(zhí)堅持, 用于非人主語時, 表示固有性質(zhì)、傾向等; will還可以用在if從句中表示各種“愿望”, 包括“請求, 意愿, 拒絕, 同意, 允許, 能夠, 堅持, 選擇, 計劃”等。 The door won’t shut. If you will make another try, I shall do everything possible to help you.,5. may/might as well表示“最好, 還是……的好, 不妨”。 It may be as well to stop that child crying.,考點4 情態(tài)動詞+have done的用法 【典例】1. (2015·福建高考)—Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again. —Oh, it’s too bad. You________have made full preparations. A. must B. can C. would D. should 【解析】選D。答語后句句意: 你本該做好充分準(zhǔn)備的(實際上未準(zhǔn)備好)。should have done本應(yīng)該做而事實上沒做; must have done一定做過某事; can have done可能做過某事; would have done表示對過去情況的虛擬。,2. (2015·天津高考)I______have worried before I came to the new school, for my classmates here are very friendly to me. A. mightn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. couldn’t 【解析】選C。句意: 來新校前我本沒有必要擔(dān)心的, 因為這里的同學(xué)都對我很友好。needn’t have done本沒有必要做某事。,3. (2014·陜西高考)My book, The House of Hades, is missing. Who ________ have taken it? A. need B. must C. should D. could 【解析】選D。句意: 我的書《哈迪斯之屋》不見了, 誰有可能拿走了呢? need需要; must必須, 表猜測時翻譯為“一定”, 只能用于肯定句中; should應(yīng)該; could表示推測時, 常用于否定句或疑問句中, 翻譯為“有可能”。,4. (2013·浙江高考)I ________ myself more—it was a perfect day. A. shouldn’t have enjoyed B. needn’t have enjoyed C. wouldn’t have enjoyed D. couldn’t have enjoyed 【解析】選D。句意: 我玩得再開心不過了——這是完美的一天。D項表示不可能做過……, 這里是用比較級的否定形式表示最高級的意思, 故選D。,5. (2013·陜西高考)The children________lost in the woods; otherwise, they would have been at the lakeside camp as scheduled. A. must have got B. must get C. should have got D. should get 【解析】選A。句意: 孩子們一定是在樹林里迷路了; 否則他們會按照預(yù)定時間來到湖邊營地的。根據(jù)后半句“would have been”可知是對過去事情的虛擬, must have done表示對過去發(fā)生的事情的肯定推測, 根據(jù)句意, 應(yīng)選A。,【解題技巧】 1. 掌握情態(tài)動詞+have done的基本用法。,2. 注意事項。 (1)“情態(tài)動詞+have done”有兩層含義: 一是表示對過去情況的推測或說明, 二是表示虛擬語氣。 (2)must/may/might+have+done表示推測“可能”, 表示的可能性依次遞減。,考點5 條件句及名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣 【典例】1. (2015·江蘇高考)It might have saved me some trouble ______ the schedule. A. did I know B. have I known C. do I know D. had I known 【解析】選D。從主句中的might have saved可知, 這是與過去相反的虛擬語氣, 因此從句謂語動詞用had done的形式, 又因助動詞為had時, 可將if省掉, had提前, 故D項正確。,2. (2015·陜西高考)Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish I______as well as her. A. dance B. will dance C. had danced D. danced 【解析】選D。句意: 艾倫是個了不起的舞蹈家。我多希望也能和她跳得一樣好。wish后面跟從句時, 從句謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣。如果是與現(xiàn)在的事實相反, 從句謂語動詞要用一般過去時; 與過去的事實相反, 從句謂語動詞用過去完成時。分析句子可知此處談?wù)摰氖乾F(xiàn)在的情況, 故謂語動詞用一般過去時, 選D。,3. (2015·北京高考)If I______it with my own eyes, I wouldn’t have believed it. A. didn’t see B. weren’t seeing C. wouldn’t see D. hadn’t seen 【解析】選D。句意: 如果不是我親眼看到, 我是不會相信的。根據(jù)主句的謂語動詞wouldn’t have believed可以判斷, 事情發(fā)生在過去, 所以條件狀語從句應(yīng)該使用過去完成時, 故選D項。,4. (2014·天津高考)________the morning train, he would not have been late. A. Did he catch B. Should he catch C. Has he caught D. Had he caught 【解析】選D。句意: 要是他趕上早班火車的話, 就不會遲到了。if引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣中, 如果謂語動詞含有had, should或者were時, 可以省略if, 把這三個詞提前。根據(jù)后半句可知此處是對過去的虛擬, 從句用過去完成時。,5. (2014·湖南高考)If Mr Dewey________present, he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there. A. were B. had been C. should be D. was 【解析】選B。句意: 如果Dewey先生在場, 他會給那里的人們提供任何可能的幫助。根據(jù)語境及主句中的謂語動詞would have offered可知, 主句為與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣, 故if從句中的謂語動詞應(yīng)用had been。,6. (2013·浙江高考)Eye doctors recommend that a child’s first eye exam ________at the age of six months old. A. was B. be C. were D. is 【解析】選B。句意: 眼科醫(yī)生建議, 孩子的第一次眼睛檢查應(yīng)該在6個月大時進行。recommend建議, 其賓語從句中用should do表虛擬語氣, 且should可以省略。故選B。,【解題技巧】 1. 非真實條件句表示的是假設(shè)或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況。,2. 賓語從句中的虛擬語氣。 (1)在“一想要(desire)一寧愿(prefer)一堅持(insist)二命令(order, command)三建議(advise, suggest, propose/recommend)四要求(demand, require, request, ask)”后加的賓語從句中, 無論主句謂語動詞為何種時態(tài), 從句的謂語動詞都用“should + do”。should可以省略。 (2)動詞wish后接賓語從句時, 從句謂語要用虛擬語氣。若要表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望, 從句謂語用一般過去時或過去進行時(同樣be動詞換成were); 若表示與過去相反的愿望, 從句謂語用過去完成時; 若表示將來沒有把握或不太可能實現(xiàn)的愿望, 用would(could)+動詞原形。,(3)在urge, arrange, direct, desire, intend后的賓語從句中, 從句謂語由“should+動詞原形”構(gòu)成, 其中的should可以省略。,3. 主語從句中的虛擬語氣。 (1)表情緒、觀點的形容詞或名詞, 如necessary, important, impossible, natural, strange等用于句型: It is. . . that +主語從句時, 從句的謂語動詞常用(should+)動詞原形。 (2)在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, request, advice等名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣, 謂語動詞用(should+)動詞原形。,4. 表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬語氣。 在表示建議、命令、要求的名詞后的表語從句或同位語從句中的謂語動詞要用(should+)動詞原形。常見名詞有: advice, desire, request, demand, proposal, suggestion, preference, requirement, order。,考點6 特殊句式中的虛擬語氣 【典例】1. (2015·安徽高考)It is lucky we booked a room, or we ______ nowhere to stay now. A. had B. had had C. would have D. would have had 【解析】選C。句意: 我們很幸運地訂到了房間, 否則的話, 我們現(xiàn)在就會無處可去了。or引導(dǎo)含蓄虛擬條件句, or后面是主句, 相當(dāng)于if we hadn’t booked a room, we would have nowhere to stay now. 根據(jù)“now”可知, 是對現(xiàn)在進行虛擬, 因此用would+動詞原形, 故選C。,2. (2015·重慶高考)Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway ______ his famous novel A Farewell to Arms. A. didn’t write B. hadn’t written C. wouldn’t write D. wouldn’t have written 【解析】選D。句意: 沒有他戰(zhàn)時的經(jīng)歷, 海明威就不可能寫出著名的小說《永別了, 武器》。根據(jù)Without his wartime experiences可知從句表示對過去的否定猜測, 故主句謂語用would/should/could/ might+have+過去分詞。,3. (2014·浙江高考)They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation, or they________to our help. A. would have come B. could come C. have come D. had come 【解析】選A。句意: 我們在進行調(diào)查研究的幾個月期間他們在國外, 要不然他們就來幫助我們了。根據(jù)句中的謂語動詞were abroad可知描述的是過去的事情, 對過去的假設(shè)主句部分用would/could/should/might +have done, 故A項正確。,4. (2014·重慶高考)It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I________it? A. had done B. have done C. did D. am doing 【解析】選A。句意: 是約翰打破的窗戶, 你為什么說我啊? 就好像是我做的一樣。根據(jù)It was John who broke the window. 可知, 打破窗戶已發(fā)生。as if從句表示與過去事實相反, 謂語動詞用過去完成時。如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反, 謂語動詞用一般過去時。,5. (2014·陜西高考)We would rather our daughter________at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer. A. would stay B. has stayed C. stayed D. stay 【解析】選C。句意: 我們寧愿女兒跟我們待在家里, 但是那是她的選擇, 她已經(jīng)不再是個孩子了。would rather后跟句子要用虛擬語氣, 如果是與現(xiàn)在或者將來的事實相反, 用would rather sb. did; 如果與過去的事實相反, 用would rather sb. had done。根據(jù)句意可推知是將來的情況, 故選C。,6. (2013·安徽高考)I________to my cousin’s birthday party last night, but I was not available. A. went B. had gone C. would go D. would have gone 【解析】選D。句意: 昨晚我本應(yīng)去參加堂兄的生日晚會, 但是我沒空。根據(jù)句中l(wèi)ast night及but可知本題表示的是與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣。,【解題技巧】 1. 虛擬條件句中, 如果主句和條件從句的謂語動作不是同時發(fā)生時, 虛擬語氣的形式應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。這種條件句叫錯綜條件句。 (1)從句的動作與過去事實相反, 而主句的動作與正在發(fā)生的事實不符。 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. (2)從句的動作與現(xiàn)在事實相反, 而主句的動作與過去事實相反。 If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.,2. 非真實條件句中的條件有時不表達出來, 只暗含在副詞、介詞短語、上下文或用其他方式表示出來, 這種句子叫含蓄條件句。在多數(shù)情況下, 條件會暗含在短語中, 如without. . . , but for. . . (要不是因為……), or, otherwise, but等。 3. would rather所接的從句中的謂語動詞用一般過去時(對現(xiàn)在虛擬)或者過去完成時(對過去虛擬)。 4. It is (high) time (that). . . 句型中謂語動詞用一般過去時或should+動詞原形, should不可省略。,5. if only后面的謂語動詞常用一般過去時(對現(xiàn)在虛擬)、過去完成時(對過去虛擬)與過去將來時(對將來虛擬), 表示強烈的愿望。 6. as if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中謂語動詞用一般過去時(對現(xiàn)在的虛擬)或過去完成時(對過去的虛擬), 或用would/could/might+動詞原形(對將來的虛擬)。,7. 目的狀語從句中的虛擬語氣。 (1)在for fear that, in case, lest引導(dǎo)的從句中, 若用虛擬語氣時, 從句謂語為: (should+)do, 并且should能省略。 She examined the door again for fear that a thief(should)come in. (2)在so that/in order that所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中, 從句中的謂語為: can/could/may/might/will/would/should +do。 He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.,【誤區(qū)糾偏】 易錯點1 情態(tài)動詞+have done用法混用 ①We________so much food because Suzie was too busy to be with us for dinner last night. ②(變式)We________so much food now that Suzie is too busy to be with us for dinner. A. needn’t have bought B. need have bought C. didn’t need to buy D. need buy,【點撥】 (1)needn’t have done sth. 表示“本不需要做某事, 而事實上卻做了?！?(2)didn’t need to do sth. 表示不必要, 而事實上也沒有做某事。 (3)根據(jù)題①句意可知因為Suzie昨晚太忙不會來吃飯, 所以沒必要買這么多的食物, 故選C。而由題②句意可知既然Suzie太忙不來吃飯, 本沒必要買, 言外之意卻買了, 可知選A。,易錯點2 虛擬語氣和陳述語氣混用 ①My son insisted that I______his letter after looking around his study. ②(變式)My son insisted that I______his letter after he received it from his teacher. A. was reading B. had read C. should read D. have read,【點撥】 (1)題①句意: 環(huán)視書房后, 我兒子堅持說我看過他的信。insist“堅持說”, 后面用陳述語氣; read動作發(fā)生在insisted之前, 表示“過去的過去”這一時間概念, 所以用過去完成時, 選B。 (2)題②句意: 收到老師的來信后, 我兒子堅持要我看他的信。insist“堅持認(rèn)為”, 其后的從句中要用(should+)動詞原形, 故選C。,易錯點3 虛擬語氣時間判斷錯誤 ①—I don’t know what I______without the suitcase you lent me. —Glad to have been of some help to you. ②(變式)—I don’t know what I______without the suitcase you will lend me. —That’s not the key. A. would have done B. would do C. should have done D. should do,【點撥】 (1)題①句意: 我不知道如果沒有你借給我的行李箱, 我該怎么辦。這里是假設(shè)過去的情況, 目前是我得到了別人借給的行李箱, 所以要用虛擬語氣, 選A項。 (2)題②句意: 我不知道如果沒有你將要借給我的行李箱, 我該怎么辦。這里是假設(shè)將來的情況, 目前我還未得到別人借給的行李箱, 故選D。B項中would應(yīng)改為will。,