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1、單擊此處編輯母版標(biāo)題樣式,單擊此處編輯母版文本樣式,第二級(jí),第三級(jí),第四級(jí),第五級(jí),*,簡(jiǎn)明工程化學(xué)思考和練習(xí)參考答案,11,1能量量子化 波粒二象性 出現(xiàn)的統(tǒng)計(jì)性,=h/m,=E/h,2(1),正確,3.,4,.,5.,6 金屬性:,Ca,Ti,Mn,Ga,Fe,Co,Br,7 1s,2,2s,2,2p,6,3s,2,3p,6,3d,5,4s,1,3d,5,4s,1,3s,2,3p,6,3d,3,8,9 1,s,2,2s,2,2p,6,3s,2,3p,3,3s,2,3p,3,10(a).,Ba,(b).O,1.2,1.,等性雜化:雜化軌道均為未成對(duì)電子占據(jù),軌道能量完全相同。不等性雜化:雜化
2、軌道中有孤對(duì)電子,軌道能量有差別。,2色散力、誘導(dǎo)力、取向力。對(duì)同一類型的單質(zhì)和化合物分子,分子間力越大,物質(zhì)的熔、沸點(diǎn)越高,分子晶體硬度越大。,3.電負(fù)性很大、半徑很小的原子,X(,或,Y),結(jié)成分子時(shí),由于共用電子對(duì)強(qiáng)烈偏向于,X,原子使,H,原子核裸露,對(duì)另一分子中和,H,相連的,X(,或,Y),產(chǎn)生吸引,形成氫鍵。,氫鍵形成的條件:(1).分子中含有,H,原子;(2).,H,原子直接和電負(fù)性很大、半徑很小的原子相結(jié)合。,4,5,NH,3,、C,2,H,5,OH,分子之間存在氫鍵。,6熔點(diǎn):,MgO,CaO,CaF,2,CaCl,2,7,前者為離子晶體,后者為分子晶體.離子晶體的熔點(diǎn)和陽
3、離子、陰離子的電荷與半徑有關(guān);分子晶體的熔點(diǎn)和分子量有關(guān)。,8熔點(diǎn):,SiC,SiBr,4,SiCl,4,SiF,4,9,石墨可作為電極和潤(rùn)滑劑。氮化硼可作為耐高溫的固體潤(rùn)滑劑和耐火材料。,10,13,1聚集狀態(tài)是物質(zhì)存在的形態(tài),有氣、液、固三太之分;相是體系中物理性質(zhì)、化學(xué)組成完全相同的部分,有氣、液、固三相之分。但聚集狀態(tài)相同的物質(zhì)不一定組成同一相,如:,苯和水都是液態(tài),但混和后分為二相,有界面分隔。,2,AgCl,(,固相),,Na,+,,NO,3,-,溶液(液相),水蒸氣(氣相),3否。恒溫下,,p,1,V,1,=p,2,V,2,1,升中,,p(O,2,)=2,10,5,Pa=p(N,
4、2,),,P=4,10,5,Pa,4n(O,2,)=32/32=1(,mol,),n(N,2,)=56/28=2(,mol,),(1).p(O,2,)=n(O,2,)RT/V=1,8.314,300/10,10,-3,=2.5,10,5,Pa,p(N,2,)=n(N,2,)RT/V=2p(O,2,)=5,10,5,Pa,(2).P=p(O,2,)+p(N,2,)=7.5,10,5,Pa,5.,反應(yīng)后,,SO,2,=8,0.2=1.6(,mol,),2SO,2,+O =2SO,3,反應(yīng)前:8 6 0,反應(yīng)后:1.6 2.6 6.4,轉(zhuǎn)化量:6.4 3.2 6.4,(1).反應(yīng)后,SO,2,:1.
5、6mol,O,2,:2.6mol,SO,3,:6.4mol,(2).p(,前)/,p(,后)=,n(,前)/,n(,后)=14/(1.6+2.6+6.4)=14/10.6,1,10,5,/,p(,后)=14/10.6,p(,后)=7.57,10,5,Pa,p(SO,2,)=p(,后),n(SO,2,)/n(,總)=7.57,10,5,(1.6/10.6)=1.14,10,4,Pa,同理,p(O,2,)=1.85,10,4,Pa,p(SO,3,)=4.5710,4,Pa,6.(A).H,2,O(L)(B).H,2,O(g)(C).H,2,O(L)(D).H,2,O(s),7.凡能顯著降低液體表面
6、張力或兩相界面張力的物質(zhì)為表面活性劑。,在結(jié)構(gòu)上由親水基團(tuán)和憎水基團(tuán)占據(jù)兩端,這些基團(tuán)定向排列在兩相界面上,使表面層液體分子減少,從而降低表面張力。,8陰離子型:,R SO,3,Na R SO,3,+,Na,+,陽離子型:,RN(CH,3,)CH,3,Br,RN(CH,3,),2,CH,3,Br+Br,非離子型:,RO(C,2,H,4,O)H,9,物品污垢+洗滌劑,物品洗滌劑+污垢洗滌劑,10單位體積空氣中所含水蒸氣的質(zhì)量為絕對(duì)濕度;空氣中實(shí)際水蒸氣密度(即實(shí)際水蒸氣分壓)和同溫度下飽和水蒸氣密度(即水的飽和蒸氣壓)的比值為相對(duì)濕度。(百分比表示),1120,,水的飽和蒸氣壓,p,0,=23.
7、39,10,2,Pa,相對(duì)濕度=,p/p,0,=(10.01,10,2,/23.39,10,2,),100%=42.8%,10,水的飽和蒸氣壓,p,0,=12.28,10,2,Pa,p(20,)/293=p(10,)/283,p(10,)/283=10.01,10,2,/293,p(10,)=9.67,10,2,Pa,相對(duì)濕度=,p/p,0,=(9.67,10,2,/12.28,10,2,)100%=78.7%,21,2 .(1).,(NO),=-2,(,CO)=-2,(N,2,)=1,(CO,2,)=2,(2).(N,2,)=-0.5,(H,2,)=-1.5,(NH,3,)=1,(3).(N
8、,2,)=-1,(H,2,)=-3,(NH,3,)=2,3.CO,分子量:44,n(CO,2,)=22010,3,/44=5000,mol,=n(CO,2,)/(CO,2,)=5000mol,4.=n/,n(Al)=,(Al)=30,10,3,(-8),=-2.4,10,5,mol,Al,的原子量:27,-2.4,10,5,27=-6480,kg,Al,反應(yīng)掉 6480,kg,5.=n/,n(NH,3,)=-170,10,3,/17=-10,4,mol,(NH,3,)=-4,=-10,4,/-4=2.510,3,mol,6.n(O,2,)=32010,3,/32=10,4,mol,-241.8
9、/0.5=,r,H,0,(298)/10,4,r,H,0,(298)=4.8410,6,kJ,mol,-1,12,1.H=U+,nRT,,Q,P,=Q,V,+,nRT,(1).n=1 H U=,nRT,=9.0kJ,mol,-1,(2).n=-3 H U=,nRT,=-7.43kJ,mol,-1,(3).,n=-2 H U=,nRT,=-5.0kJ,mol,-1,(4).n=0 H U=,nRT,=0,(5).n=1 H U=,nRT,=1.62kJ,mol,-1,3.(1).,r,H,m,0,(298)=(-2)(-285.9)=571.8 kJ,mol,-1,(2).,r,H,m,0,(2
10、98)=(-1)64.39+(-152.42)=-216.81 kJ,mol,-1,4.,r,H,m,0,(310)=,r,H,m,0,(298),=(-1)(-2225.5)+12(-393.5)+11(-285.9)=-5641.4 kJ,mol,-1,5.,r,H,m,0,(298)=(-2)50.63+(-1)9.66+4(-285.9)=-1254.52,kJ,mol,-1,N,2,H,4,(l):32/32=1mol,r,H,m,0,(298)=-1254.52/2=-627.26 kJ,mol,-1,6.(1).S(O,2,)S(CHCl,3(l),),(3).S(H,2,O,(
11、S),)S(H,2,O,(l),)(4).S(CH,3,Cl,(g),)S(CH,3,Br,(g),),6.,r,S,m,0,(298)=(-1)92.9+40+213.6=160.7 J,mol,-1,K,-1,7.(1).,r,H,m,0,(298)=(-2)33.9+290.37=112.94 kJ,mol,-1,8.(1).,r,S,m,0,(298)=(-2)240.5+2210.6+205.03=145.23 J,mol,-1,K,-1,(2).NO,2,:4610,3,/46=10,3,mol,r,H,0,(298)=10,3,112.94/2,=56470 kJ ,r,S,0,
12、(298)=10,3,145.23/2=72615 JK,-1,9.,r,S,m,0,(298)=(-1)40+(-1)69.96+55.2+2(-10.54)=-75.84,J,mol,-1,K,-1,10.CH,4(g),+2O,2(g),CO,2(g),+2 H,2,O,(l),f,H,m,0,(298)/kJ,mol,-1,-74.81 0,-393.5 -285.9,r,H,m,0,(298)=(-1)(-74.81)+(-393.5)+2(-285.9)=-890.4,kJ,mol,-1,r,H,0,=(0.85 890.4+0.1 1559.8)/22.410,-3,=4.071
13、0,4,kJ,23,2(1).,錯(cuò),因?yàn)?r,G,m,0,(T),r,G,m,0,(298),(2).,錯(cuò),因?yàn)榉磻?yīng)方向的判據(jù)是,G,而不是,H。,3,r,G,m,0,(298)=2(-16.64)=-33.28 kJ,mol,-1,0,常溫下不能自發(fā)反應(yīng)。,(2).,r,H,m,0,(298)=(-2)(-155)+(-166.7)=143.3 kJ,mol,-1,r,S,m,0,(298)=(-2)43.5+101+0.5 205.03=116.5 J,mol,-1,K,-1,r,G,m,0,(1300)=143.3 1300 116.510,-3,=-8.15 kJ,mol,-1,0,7
14、.(1).,r,H,m,0,(298)=(-4)(-46.15)+490.37+6(-241.8)=-904.72 kJ,mol,-1,r,S,m,0,(298)=(-4)192.5+(-5)205.03+4210.6+6188.7=179.45 J,mol,-1,K,-1,r,G,m,0,(298)=-904.72 298 179.4510,-3,=-95 8.19 kJ,mol,-1,0,自發(fā)正向進(jìn)行,(2).,r,H,m,0,(298)=(-3)(-1117)+4(-1669.8)=-3328.2 kJ,mol,-1,r,S,m,0,(298)=(-3)146+(-8)28.3+451+
15、927.2=-215.6,J,mol,-1,K,-1,r,G,m,0,(298)=-3328.2 298(-215.6)10,-3,=-3263.9 kJ,mol,-1,HOAc,H,2,SH,2,PO,4,-,NH,4,+,HCO,3,-,堿:,S,2-,CO,3,2-,NH,3,HPO,4,2-,OAc,-,F,-,4.,選擇:,NH,3,H,2,O,NH,4,+,5.,C,HCOOH,C,HCOOH,PH,=-lgK,0,lg,3,=-,lg,1.77,10-,lg,C,HCOO,-,C,HCOO,-,C,HCOOH,C,HCOOH,lg,=0.75 -=5.62,C,HCOO,-,C,
16、HCOO,-,C,HCOOH,=0.1mol L,-1,C,HCOO,-,=0.0178,mol,L,-1,HCOONa,分子量,M=68,C=m/MV m=CMV=0.0178,68,0.5=0.61g,6.,HOAc,+,NaOH,=,NaOAc,+H,2,O,初始濃度(,molL,-1,),0.2/2,0.1/2,平衡濃度(,molL,-1,)0.1/2,0.1/2,C,HOAc,0.05,PH,=-,lg,K,0,HOAc,lg,=-,lg,1.76,10,-5,-,lg,=4.75,C,OAc,-,0.05,7.,C,NH3H2O,0.10,POH=-,lg,K,0,NH3H2O,lg,=-,lg,1.79,10,-5,-,lg,=4.75,C,NH4,+,0.10,PH,=14 POH=9.25,加入,HCl,后,C,NH3H2O,=0.1 0.01,C,NH4,+,=0.1+0.01,0.1 0.01,POH=4.75-,lg,=4.84,PH,=14 POH=9.16,0.1+0.01,8.C,HM,0.1,PH,=-,lg,K,0,HM,lg,lg,K,0,HM,=-