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UNIT 1 Text A PRE-READING TASK Exercise 1 Before reading the passage, try to answer the questions. 1. Do you know what public relations is? 2. What is the usual abbreviation for public relations? 3. Why do companies use public relations? Now compare your answers with your neighbours. Public Relations 1. When the founders of the United States wrote the Declaration of Independence, they said that a "decent respect" for the opinion of people everywhere required the American colonies to tell the world why they were freeing themselves of British rule. The American founder believed that their cause could not win unless they had the confidence of other peoples. 2. Public relations, too, tries to win the confidence and goodwill of people. No company, government agency, school, hospital, or other institution can flourish if it pays no attention to what the people think of it. Public relations is the activity of giving a business or other organisation information about how its actions might affect public opinion -- or how public opinion might affect its actions. It is also the job of the public relations officer to tell the public about a companys activities, plans, or ideas. This is necessary because people are likely to have more confidence in a company if they know something about it. 3. There is not just one big public whose opinion a company has to worry about if it is to survive and grow. Only a few organisations, such as a national government, are so large that all the public has some opinion about their actions. Most companies and organisations have to think about the opinions of smaller groups -- their customers, for instance, or their workers or their shareholders. A company must also have the trust and goodwill of its neighbours in the places where it has factories and offices. The company must be on good terms with the government, because every business can be seriously affected by government laws or regulations. 4. Gaining the confidence of others requires, first of all, thoughtfulness about other peoples beliefs, interests, and feelings. Public relations begins by planning ones actions so as to respect the rights and beliefs of other people. Unless a public relations program takes these things into account, it can do little to help a company. Not all the money in the world, nor the most skilful writers or speakers, can make a company look as if it cares about other people if the company really does not care. Most companies, therefore, consider how any action, such as moving to a new location or buying another business, will affect public opinion. Having made a decision, the company wants everyone to understand the decision and the reasons it was made. 5. Most large companies have a public relations department, which tells the public about the companys plans and activities. The department is made up of writers, editors, photographic and picture experts, and researchers. 6. There are many ways to reveal a companys activities and character. A very effective one is through speeches by officials of the company before organisations such as the local chamber of commerce and various clubs. The speeches are usually reported in the newspapers and are often reprinted for distribution to government officials, educators, journalists, and others who might be interested in the companys views. Printed pamphlets and booklets, including the company magazine and the annual report of the management to the shareholders, also help inform the public about a company. Motion-picture films are often used to show people something about a company. A company may also, as a public service, undertake projects not directly connected with its business, to help make society better. 7. Besides using their own public relations staffs, many companies hire independent public relations firms, which work for several clients at once. Specially trained outsiders often see trends or problems that people inside a company might miss because they are too close to the situation. 8. Anyone who plans to do public relations work should get as broad an education as possible. In addition to a college education, work in some area of the communications field -- on a newspaper or with a broadcasting station -- is useful for the future public relations officer. New Words declaration n. a formal announcement 宣言，宣布 decent a. 1. proper; socially acceptable 得體的，合乎禮儀的 2. satisfactory; quite good 令人滿意的，像樣的 goodwill n. 1. 友好,親善 2.(商店，企業(yè)等的)信譽(yù) flourish v. to be successful, very active 茂盛,繁榮 action n. 行動(dòng)，做法 affect v. to have an influence on (something) 影響 survive v. to continue to exist or live 生存,幸存 serious a. 1. important because of possible danger or risk 嚴(yán)重的 2. solemn and thoughtful 嚴(yán)肅的,深思的 seriously ad. 嚴(yán)重地,厲害地 regulation n. (usu. pl.) the rule or restriction made by an authority 規(guī)章,條例,法令 thoughtful a. 1. caring about other people 體貼的,關(guān)心的 2. thinking 思考的,沉思的 thoughtfulness n. 考慮周到 skil(l)ful a. having or showing skill 靈巧的,熟練的 writer n. the person whose job is to write books, stories, etc. 作者,作家 location n. a place or position 場(chǎng)地,場(chǎng)所,位置 editor n. 編輯 photographic a. 攝影的 reveal v. to make (facts, etc.)known 揭示，透露，泄露 character n. 特征，特點(diǎn) chamber n. 1.(商業(yè)資本家聯(lián)合組織的)會(huì)所 2.寢室 commerce n. trade (esp. between countries) 商業(yè)，貿(mào)易 club n. 俱樂部，社團(tuán) distribution n. (instance of) giving or being given to each of several people, etc. 分發(fā),分配 educator n. the person who educates (esp. professionally) 教育工作者 journalist n. 新聞工作者，記者 pamphlet n. 小冊(cè)子 booklet n. a thin book, usu. in paper covers 小冊(cè)子 annual a. 1. happening every year 一年一次的 2. calculated for the rear 按年計(jì)的 motion n. moving 移動(dòng),運(yùn)動(dòng) motion-picture n. a cinema film 電影 undertake v. 1. to (start to) make oneself responsible for (something) 擔(dān)任,從事 2. to agree or promise to do something 同意(做),答應(yīng)(做) staff n. (pl.) 全體工作人員,全體職員 outsider n. a person who is not (or is not accepted as) a member of a society, group, etc. 外人,局外人,非會(huì)員 Phrases and Expressions free...of 免除,解除 pay (no) attention to （不）注意 (be) on good terms with 同某人關(guān)系好 so as to 為的是,以便 take...into account 對(duì)...加以關(guān)注,考慮 care about 關(guān)心 be made up of 由...組成 inform...about/of 把...告訴某人 Proper Name the Declaration of Independence (美國(guó))《獨(dú)立宣言》 Text B PRE-READING TASK Exercise 1 Here are some typical interview questions. Think about what you might say in reply. 1. Why have you selected this kind of work? 2. If you had your choice of a job and company, what would you most like to do and where? 3. Would you be willing to work overtime? Now read the passage to learn more about the interview. The Interview 1. Let us suppose that your letter of application for a job has been received by your prospective employer and you have been asked to go to the office for an interview. How do you prepare yourself and behave during this interview? The following advice should help you get through this most important first step towards getting a job. 2. First of all, do everything you can to prepare for the interview as soon as you know it is arranged. Make a list of all the points you want to ask about if you have the chance. Equip yourself with all your certificates and other relevant documents, a list of all the examinations you have passed, denoting subjects and credits, all the schools you have attended, sports you have played and any positions of responsibility held at school. If you have had a job before, then you should list details of this as well and your reasons for leaving. You may already have supplied these details but you should have a copy with you in case you are asked for it. It shows efficiency on your part. 3. Secondly, find out all you can about your prospective employer. What exactly the firm does, where it is and how long it has been in existence. At the same time check the times of buses and ferries so that you are sure to arrive on time. In fact, if you can, be a little early. No one wants to employ a member of staff who is always late! 4. Thirdly, make a little extra effort with your appearance. Is your hair tidy? Your shirt freshly pressed? Your dress clean? Shoes polished? So, your preparations complete, you have arrived at the office on time and are waiting to be called for the interview. If you are feeling a little nervous, take a few deep breaths and let them out slowly. Read through your curriculum vitae again so that it is fresh in your mind. 5. When the interviewer or a secretary invites you in, try to show courtesy in your appearance and manner. Stand until you are invited to sit and then sit straight in the chair, do not lounge. Relax and smile. 6. The interviewer will begin by asking you questions about yourself, your curriculum vitae and even perhaps what you hope the future holds. Answer the questions simply, directly and honestly. Do not show impatience if you feel the interviewer is repeating things or asking questions that have no relevance to the matter in hand. He or she probably just wants to know if you have opinions of your own, and whether you can speak sensibly and coherently. Look straight at the interviewer when you answer questions and if asked about your family or school speak with loyalty and affection. Call the interviewer "Sir" or "Madam" or use a name if you have been asked to do so. Keep your certificates and other documents until they are asked for. If you failed an exam or had a job before do not be afraid to talk about it. If you are asked what salary you expect, state the figure mentioned in the advertisement you replied to. 7. If you sense that the interview is coming to an end, be ready with your queries. The interviewer may ask you if you have any questions but if you are not asked, wait for a suitable moment. You have as much right to be concerned about your future work as the interviewer has about your ability to do the job. Do not lay undue emphasis on questions about holidays, days off, lunch breaks, sports facilities, etc. Ask first of all about promotion prospects, other examinations you can take to get ahead and so on. 8. When the interview is at an end, stand up, wish the interviewer "Good morning" or "Good afternoon", and walk out. New words application n. a formal request 申請(qǐng)，請(qǐng)求 prospective a. future or possible; expected to be or to occur 未來的，有希望的，預(yù)期的 behave v. 1. to act or conduct oneself in the specified way 表現(xiàn)，舉動(dòng) 2. to show good manners; conduct oneself well 舉止適當(dāng)，有禮貌 arrange v. 1. to plan the details of (a future event); organise in advance 準(zhǔn)備，籌備，安排 2. to put (something) in order; make tidy, neat or attractive 排列，整理，布置 equip v. to supply with what is needed, for a particular purpose 裝備，配備 relevant a. 有關(guān)的 document n. the paper, form, book, etc. giving information about something 文件，公文 denote v. 表示，代表 credit n. 1. 學(xué)分 2. 信用貸款,賒欠 detail n. a small, particular fact or item 細(xì)節(jié),詳情 ferry n. 渡船 polish v. rub something so that it shines 擦亮,磨光 polished a. shiny from polishing 擦亮的,磨光的 preparation n. 1.準(zhǔn)備，預(yù)備 2. 準(zhǔn)備工作,準(zhǔn)備措施 nervous a. fearful; worried 神經(jīng)緊張的,情緒不安的 curriculum (pl. curricula vitae)resume (求職者等寫的)簡(jiǎn)歷,履歷 interviewer n. the person who conducts an interview (對(duì)求職者)進(jìn)行口頭初審的人,(對(duì)應(yīng)試者)進(jìn)行面試的人 secretary n. an employee in an office, usu. working for another person, dealing with letters, typing, filing, etc. 秘書,書記 courtesy n. 禮貌的舉止，文雅的儀態(tài) lounge v. to sit or stand in a lazy way 懶洋洋地坐或站 patience n. being calm when you are waiting or when you have trouble, problems, etc. 耐心,忍耐 impatience n. 不耐煩，不耐心 relevance n. 有關(guān) sensible a. right and good; wise 合情理的;明智的 sensibly ad. in a sensible way 合情理地,切合實(shí)際地 coherently ad. 條理清楚地,前后一致地 loyalty n. being true and faithful 忠誠(chéng) affection n. the feeling of fondness; love 喜愛,熱愛 madam n. (also Madam) 夫人,女士 salary n. the fixed regular (usu. monthly) payment to employees doing other than manual or mechanical work 薪水 query n. a question or doubt 問題; 質(zhì)詢 undue a. more than is right or proper; excessive 不適當(dāng)?shù)?過分的 emphasis n. (pl. emphases) 強(qiáng)調(diào) promotion n. 1. the raising or being raised to a higher rank or position 提升,晉升 2. the encouragement or aid to the progress of (a cause) 促進(jìn),提倡 prospect n. 1. (pl.) the chance of success 前景;前途 2. the reasonable hope that something will happen; the expectation 希望,期望 Phrases and Expressions get through 通過 prepare for 為...作準(zhǔn)備 make a list of 造表列出,把...列入一覽表 equip...with 裝備,配備 as well 也 in case 萬一 on someones part / on the part of someone 由某人表現(xiàn)出來的,由某人所作出的 on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí) in hand 處理中的,執(zhí)行中的,手頭有的 come to an end 結(jié)束 wait for 等待 be concerned about 關(guān)心 lay (undue) emphasis on (過分)強(qiáng)調(diào) get ahead 有進(jìn)展 and so on 等等 at an end 結(jié)束,完畢 UNIT 2 Text A PRE-READING TASK Exercise 1 Before reading the passage, look at these questions. Then try to find the answers as you read it. 1. What is the general meaning of the word "culture"? 2. What does the word "culture" mean for those who study humankind? What Is Culture? 1. The word "culture" has many different meanings. For example, we sometimes say that people who know about art, music, and literature are cultured. However, the word culture has a different meaning for anthropologists (people who study humankind). To an anthropologist the word culture means all the ways in which a group of people act, dress, think, and feel. People have to learn the cultural ways of their community: they are not something that the people in the group are born with. 2. Instinctive behaviour, on the other hand, is a pattern of behaviour that an animal is born with. Spiders spinning their webs is an example of instinctive behaviour. The mother spider does not teach her babies how to spin webs. (In fact, she is not even there when they are born.) They know how to do it when they are born. This is what we mean by instinctive behaviour. 3. As humans, we learn some of the ways of our culture by being taught by our teachers or parents. We learn more of the ways of our culture by growing up in it. We see how other people in our culture do things, and we do them the same way. We even learn how to think and feel in this way. 4. All human beings have certain basic needs, such as eating, drinking, keeping warm and dry, and so on. However, the way in which they take care of these needs depends on the culture in which they grow up. All cultures have ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, marrying, and dealing with death. The foods that we think are good to eat, the kinds of clothes we wear, and how many people we can marry at one time are all parts of our culture. 5. Our own culture seems very natural to us. We feel in our hearts that the way that we do things is the only right way to do them. Other peoples cultures often make us laugh or feel disgusted or shocked. We may laugh at clothing that seems ridiculous to us. Many people think that eating octopus or a juicy red piece of roast beef is disgusting. The idea that a man can have more than one wife or that brothers and sisters can marry each other may shock other cultures. 6. Ideas of what is beautiful differ from one culture to another. The Flathead Indians of North America used to bind the heads of babies between boards so they would have long sloping foreheads. In the Flathead culture, long sloping foreheads were beautiful. Other cultures might think that they are strange-looking and unattractive. Many people cut scars into their bodies or tattoo themselves so that others in their culture will think they are beautiful. Objects are inserted in holes in the nose, lips, and ears in a number of different cultures. In many twentieth-century societies, rouge, lipstick, eye shadow, perfume, and hair spray are all used to increase attractiveness. 7. When people die, different cultures dispose of their bodies in different ways. Sometimes bodies are burned. Sometimes bodies are buried in the ground. In many cultures in the past, people were buried with food, weapons, jewellery, and other things that might be useful in the next life. For example, the ancient Egyptians buried people with little human figures made from clay. These clay figures were supposed to work for the dead person in the other world. A religious group called the Parses exposed their dead on platforms for birds to eat. Some people practice a second burial. After the bodies have been in the earth for several years, the bones are dug up and reburied, sometimes in a small container. 8. These are just a few of the many different customs that are found in different cultures. Most of the time, the different ways that are the customs of different cultures are neither right nor wrong. It is simply that different people do the same things in different ways. New Words cultured a. (of people) refined; cultivated 有修養(yǎng)的，有教養(yǎng)的 anthropologist n. 人類學(xué)家，學(xué)人類學(xué)的學(xué)生 humankind n. (= mankind) 人類 cultural a. of or involving culture 文化的，文化上的 instinct n. 1.本能 2.天性, 直覺 instinctive a. 本能的，天生的 pattern n. the way in which something happens or develops 方式,型 spider n. 蜘蛛 spin v. 1.(蜘蛛)結(jié)(網(wǎng)) 2.紡 web n. 網(wǎng) basic a. 基本的，初步的 shelter n. 1. 掩蔽,保護(hù) 2.躲避處,隱蔽處 disgust v. 使厭惡 disgusted a. 感到厭惡，反感 shock v. 1.(使)震驚, 2.(使)震動(dòng) shocked a. 感到震驚的 octopus n. 章魚 juicy a. 多液汁的 roast a. cooked in an oven, etc. 烤過的 v. to cook (meat, etc.) in an oven or in front of a fire 烤,炙(肉) disgusting a. 令人厭惡的，令人作嘔的 differ v. not to be the same as; be unlike 不同, 有異 bind v. (bound) to tie or fasten, e.g. with rope 綁,縛,系 slope v. (使)傾斜 n. 1. 傾坡，傾面 2. 傾斜，斜度 sloping a. 斜的，傾斜的 forehead n. 前額 scar n. 疤，傷痕 tattoo v. 文身, 在...上刻花紋 insert v. to put, fit, place something into something or between two things 插入, 嵌進(jìn) rouge n. 胭脂，口紅 v. 涂胭脂，抹口紅 lipstick n. 唇膏 perfume n. 香水，香料 spray n. 噴霧，用作噴霧的液體 dispose v. to get rid of someone or something that one does not want or cannot keep 處理,處置 weapon n. the thing designed or used for causing physical harm 武器,兵器 jewel(l)ry n. 寶石飾物，珠寶，飾物 clay n. 粘土，陶土 dead a. no longer alive 死的 expose v. 1. to uncover or leave uncovered or unprotected 使暴露,使遭受 2. to make known (something secret); reveal 揭穿(秘密),暴露 burial n. 埋葬，葬禮 container n. a box, bottle, etc. in which something is kept, transported, etc. 容器(箱、瓶等) Phrases and Expressions be born with 與生俱來 at one time 同時(shí),曾經(jīng)有一個(gè)時(shí)期 feel in ones heart 心里覺得 laugh at 因...而笑,嘲笑 differ from...to 一方與另一方(在意見方面)持不同看法 dispose of 處理,處置,清除 Proper Names the Flathead Indian 扁頭印第安人 Egyptian 埃及人,埃及(人)的 the Parsee n. 帕西人 Text B PRE-READING TASK Exercise 1 Before reading the passage, go over the food list to decide which you think is good to eat (√)and which is bad to eat () 1. tomatoes 6. rats（鼠） 2. pork （豬肉） 7. termites （白蟻） 3. beef 8. fish 4. mutton （羊肉） 9. dogs 5. butterfly （蝴蝶） 10.ducks Now compare your choice with your neighbours and give your reason for your choice. Food and Culture 1. We all have ideas about what kinds of foods are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of foods are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the foods that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. When the famous boxer Muhammad Ali visited Africa, for example, one member of his group became quite sick when he s